A moderate to high seroprevalence of exposure to Newcastle disease (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has recently been reported in Ethiopia, but it is unclear to what extent these contribute to clinical cases of respiratory disease. This study investigated the presence of these pathogens in chickens exhibiting respiratory disease in two live markets in Addis Ababa. Markets were visited weekly for three months, and 18 chickens displaying respiratory clinical signs were acquired. Swab samples were taken from the choana, trachea, air sac and larynx for bacteriology and PCR tests targeting these five pathogens. PCR-positive samples were sequenced. All 18 chickens were PCR-positive for aMPV, 50% for each of Mg and NDV, 39% for IBV and 11% for ILTV. Infections with >3 pathogens were detected in 17 of 18 chickens. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus were found in 16 to 44% of chickens. IBV-positive samples were of the 793B genotype. The results associate the presence of these organisms with clinical respiratory disease and are consistent with recent serological investigations, indicating a high level of exposure to multiple respiratory pathogens.
Red Blood cells (Erythrocytes) have an inherited combination of proteins, glycol-proteins, and glycol-lipids on their surfaces. These function as antigens that enable our immune system to distinguish our own cells from foreign invaders. Part of the immune response is the production of globulins called antibodies to combat the invader. In blood typing, the antigens of Red Blood Cell surfaces are also called agglutinogens because they are partially responsible for Red Blood Cell agglutination in mismatched transfusions.A blood sample was taken from the voluntary students of Dilla University. There are differences in frequency distribution of the blood group (ABO) among the ethnic groups and administrate of the students at Dilla University. The most prevalent blood group was type O (44.49 %) followed by A (26.32 %), B (26.32 %), and AB (2.87 %). The most prevalent Rh-positive blood group among students were type O + (41.94 %) followed by A + (31.72 %), B + (26.34 %), and AB + (2.15 %) as well as the highest Rh-negative blood groups among students were type O-(65.22 %) followed by B-(26.08%), AB-(26.34 %), and no Ablood group. Therefore, the blood type and group of Dilla University students was varies across the ethnic groups.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is one of the world's most devastating human pathogens that cause more than 2 million deaths annually. In addition, an estimated 2 billion people are latently infected with M. tuberculosis. Ethiopia is ranked 7 th among TB burden shouldering countries in the world. The data collection was carried out typically by secondary data source from already recorded document. The data was obtained from the data clack of pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTB) individuals at Yirga Cheffe Health Center. From a total of 1190 subjects who are registered to assessed for tuberculosis diseases at the Yirga Cheffe Health Center study sites, 676 (56.81 %) male were diagnosed followed by female 514 (43.19 %) were diseased by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The PTB disease were highly predominant among male with increase slightly across the year from 2008-2013 and the highest were 58.75 % at 2013. The TB disease were increased among children from 2008-2013 in both sex (male and female). The highest percentage of pulmonary tuberculosis patients were observed at 2012 on male at age >49 with 10.18 % while on female pulmonary tuberculosis patients were observed at 2011 with 7.32 %. To conclude that the prevalence of PTB disease among both sex at study area were high in early. The pulmonary tuberculosis patients were decreased across the 2008-2013.
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