A B S T R A C TMulti-task optimization algorithm is an emergent paradigm which solves multiple self-contained tasks simultaneously. It is thought that multi-factorial evolutionary algorithm (MFEA) can be seen as a novel multi-population algorithm, wherein each population is represented independently and evolved for the selected task only. However, the theoretical and experimental evidence to this conclusion is not very convincing and especially, the coincidence relation between MFEA and multi-population evolution model is ambiguous and inaccurate. This paper aims to make an in-depth analysis of this relationship, and to provide more theoretical and experimental evidence to support the idea. In this paper, we clarify several key issues unsettled to date, and design a novel across-population crossover approach to avoid population drift. Then MFEA and its variation are reviewed carefully in view of multi-population evolution model, and the coincidence relation between them are concluded. MFEA is completely recoded along with this idea and tested on 25 multi-task optimization problems. Experimental results illustrate its rationality and superiority. Furthermore, we analyze the contribution of each population to algorithm performance, which can help us design more efficient multi-population algorithm for multi-task optimization. MTO paradigm [6]. If the optimization tasks happen to bear some commonality or complementarity, then the inclusion of knowledge transfer often leads to significant performance improvements relative to conventional EAs alone.
Strategy representation and reasoning has recently received much attention in artificial intelligence. Impartial combinatorial games (ICGs) are a type of elementary and fundamental games in game theory. One of the challenging problems of ICGs is to construct winning strategies, particularly, generalized winning strategies for possibly infinitely many instances of ICGs. In this paper, we investigate synthesizing generalized winning strategies for ICGs. To this end, we first propose a logical framework to formalize ICGs based on the linear integer arithmetic fragment of numeric part of PDDL. We then propose an approach to generating the winning formula that exactly captures the states in which the player can force to win. Furthermore, we compute winning strategies for ICGs based on the winning formula. Experimental results on several games demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
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