Scenarios limiting global warming to 1.5°C describe major transformations in energy supply and everrising energy demand. Here we provide a contrasting perspective by developing a narrative of future change based on observable trends that results in low energy demand. We describe and quantify changes in activity levels and energy intensity in the Global North and South for all major energy services. We project that global final energy demand by 2050 reduces to 245 EJ, around 40% lower than today despite rising population, income and activity. Using an integrated assessment modelling framework, we show how changes in the quantity and type of energy services drive structural change in intermediate and upstream supply sectors (energy and land use). Down-sizing the global energy system dramatically improves the feasibility of low-carbon supply-side transformation. Our scenario meets the 1.5°C climate target as well as many Sustainable Development Goals, without relying on negative emission technologies. * Contingency reserve of 8 EJ is allocated equally to Global North and South respectively. Bunker fuels are reported at the global level only, consistent with current energy balances and emission accounting frameworks. Activity level units vary per end-use service and upstream sector: a billion m 2 of floor space; b trillion passengerkilometres; c billion tonnes of materials; d trillion tonne-kilometres.
With the trend of
device miniaturization and higher integration,
polymer composites with high thermal conductivity are highly desirable
for efficient removal of accumulated heat to maintain high performance
of electronics. In this work, epoxy composites embedded with three-dimensional
hexagonal boron nitride (BN) scaffold were fabricated. The BN–poly(vinylidene
difluoride) (PVDF) scaffold was prepared by the salt template method
using PVDF as the adhesive, while the corresponding epoxy composite
was manufactured with vacuum-assisted impregnation. The epoxy/BN-PVDF
composite exhibits high thermal conductivity with low loading of BN.
The thermal conductivity of epoxy/BN-PVDF composite achieved 1.227
W/(m K) with 21 wt % BN, contributed by the constructed BN pathway
held together by PVDF adhesive. In addition, PVDF could be further
converted into carbon by thermal treatment, further enhancing the
thermal conductivity of epoxy/BN-C composites through alleviating
the phonon scattering at the interfaces, eventually obtaining thermal
conductivity of 1.466 W/(m K). This type of epoxy-based composite
with high thermal conductivity is promising to be used as thermal
management materials in advanced electronic devices.
Buildings play a dominant role in global efforts towards energy consumption reduction, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation, as well as global clean energy transition. Building Energy Policies (BEP) improved globally and quickly with a growing number of building codes implemented over the past decade. Occupant Behavior (OB) has significant impacts on building energy performance and occupant comfort, despite often being not well understood and oversimplified in BEPs. This paper highlighted the research needs of properly integrating OB in building energy polices by presenting a literature review to identify the key questions and challenges related to building technical standards and regulations, building information policies, building energy incentives, and policy evaluations and way forward. Challenges and opportunities of OB in BEP are also discussed with respect to technical innovation and digitalization, as well as concerns related to energy efficiency and fairness. There has been growing interests, research and applications in this field, but significant challenges and opportunities still lie ahead. Keywords: Occupant behavior; building energy policy; climate change policy; building energy efficiency;HVAC system 1. Introduction
Occupant behavior in building energy policyBuildings play a dominant role in global efforts towards energy consumption reduction, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation, as well as global clean energy transition. Facing global climate change and national energy security challenges, international agreements, initiatives, and building sector energy policies are providing 2 promising alternatives to the status quo. In recent years, Building Energy Policies (BEP) improved globally and quickly with a growing number of building codes implemented over the past decade. In contrast, global final energy consumption in buildings increased by more than 5% between 2010 and 2017, as energy efficiency gains were outpaced by continued growth in the building sector size and resulting energy service demands [1]. Among various factors, Occupant Behavior (OB) plays an essential role in building energy demand increases and activity growth. In addition, OB has significant impacts on building energy performance and occupant comfort, despite often being not well understood and oversimplified in BEPs due to its stochastic, diverse, complex and interdisciplinary nature [2]. Definition, estimation and intervention of OB become essential research challenges during building energy policy making, implementation and evaluation processes. Real OB US OB China OB EU OB EU regulation China regulation OB in regulation US regulation Country X OB Country X regulation Gap 2 Gap 1 Gap 3
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.