A nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated strain X19-5 T , was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Sonchus oleraceus. Phylogenetic analysis based on a fragment of the nifH gene and the fulllength 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain X19-5 T was a member of the genus Paenibacillus. Strain X19-5 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.8 %) with Paenibacillus graminis RSA19 T and below 97 % similarity with other recognized members of the genus. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain X19-5 T and P. graminis RSA19 T was 45.7 %. The DNA G+C content of strain X19-5 T was 46.8 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and the level of DNA-DNA hybridization, strain X19-5 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus sonchi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is X19-5 T (5CCBAU 83901 T 5LMG 24727 T ).
A simple and efficient synthesis of N-sulfonyl ketimines through a Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between organoboronic acids and tosylbenzimidoyl chlorides under mild conditions has been developed.
BackgroundCordyceps sinensis, one of the most valued traditional herbal medicines in China, contains high amount of arsenic. Considering the adverse health effects of arsenic, this is of particular concern. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze arsenic speciation in C. sinensis, and to measure the associated human health risks.MethodsWe used microwave extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine and analyze the arsenic content in C. sinensis, and measured the associated human health risks according to the hazard index (HI), lifetime cancer risk (CR), and target hazard quotient (THQ).ResultsThe main arsenic speciation in C. sinensis were not the four organic arsenic compounds, including dimethyl arsenic, monomethyl arsenic, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine, but comprised inorganic arsenic and other unknown risk arsenic compounds. HI scores indicated that the risk of C. sinensis was acceptable. CR results suggested that the cancer risk was greater than the acceptable lifetime risk of 10−5, even at low exposure levels. THQ results indicated that at the exposure level < 2.0 months/year, the arsenic was not likely to harm human health during a lifetime; however, if the exposure rate was > 3.0 months/year, the systemic effects of the arsenic in C. sinensis was of great concern.ConclusionThe arsenic in C. sinensis might not be free of risks. The suggested C. sinensis consumption rate of 2.0 months/year provided important insights into the ways by which to minimize potential health risks. Our study not only played the role of “cast a brick to attract jade” by which to analyze arsenic speciation in C. sinensis but also offered a promising strategy of risk assessment for harmful residues in traditional herbal medicines.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13020-018-0178-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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