This study was designed to determine the effect of different osmotic pressures on spermatozoa characteristics of cryopreserved buffalo bull semen using tris egg yolk extender (TEYE). Semen of Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls (n = 4) housed at a semen production unit was collected at weekly intervals for 10 weeks. Three solutions of tris-citric acid-fructose with osmotic pressures of 255, 275 and 295 mOsm/kg were used in extender preparation. Semen straws containing 20 × 10 6 spermatozoa were processed and stored at −196°C in liquid nitrogen. Post-thaw analyses of spermatozoa included motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, plasma membrane integrity, DNA integrity and lipid per-oxidation. Significantly higher (P < .05) sperm motility, acrosomal and DNA integrity were recorded at osmotic pressures of 275 and 295 mOsm/kg compared to 255 mOsm/kg. However, differences in spermatozoa viability, plasma membrane integrity and lipid per-oxidation were non-significant among three osmotic pressures. It is concluded that osmotic pressure of the solution used in extender preparation plays an important role in post-thaw quality of cryopreserved buffalo bull semen.
Background: A caesarean section is the utmost communal surgical procedure. An adjuvant with a low dose of bupivacaine added to a cesarean section is a better option. Aim of the study: It is planned to study the effect of fentanyl and tramadol added to a low dose of bupivacaine on subarachnoid blockade in caesarean section. Place and duration: In the Anesthesia and Obstetrics and Gynecology department of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar and Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital, Lahore for six-moths duration from July 2021 to December 2021. Methods: 90 patients were randomized into three groups, 30 pregnant females in each group. Group A received 0.5% bupivacaine 7.5 mg (one and a half ml), 5% dextrose in 0.5 ml water and total of 2 ml, group B 0.5% bupivacaine 5 mg, fentanyl 50 µg, total 2 ml. In group C, 0.5% bupivacaine was used together with 50 mg of tramadol, and a total of 2 ml was used for spinal anesthesia. The height of the sensory block was evaluated by the method of pinprick and the quality of the motor block by the Bromage scale. The effective duration of analgesia was recorded when patients requested the 1st dose of analgesia. The APGAR score was documented at one and five minutes after the baby was born. Results: In group A; mean duration of blockade was 118.50 ± 23.60; It was 168.00 ± 30.21 mints in Group B and 215.00 ± 26.51 mints in C Group, which was significant between the three groups (P = 0.01). The systolic blood pressure has mean change among the three groups after 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 20 and 30 min was significant after SAB, and the diastolic blood pressure mean change after SAB was significant at 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 20 minutes and the p-value were 0.021, 0.037, 0.059, 0.032, 0.042, 0.065, respectively. Hypotension developed in 9 cases of A group; 10 patients of B Group and 6 in the C group. There was one case pruritus in group A; group B has 7 patients with itching and no group C has no case of itching. The measurement of VAS after SAB was significant between groups. There was also a significant variance in VLAS among the groups in the first hour (P = 0.00049), the 2nd hr. (P - 0.007), and the 3rd hr. (P = 0.001) after SAB, and the interaction between the groups was significant (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The combination of bupivacaine and tramadol may be a better option as an intrathecal anesthetic compared to 0.5% bupivacaine in 0.5 ml of 5% dextrose or 0.5% bupivacaine in combination with fentanyl. Keywords: SAB, Bupivacaine, Fentanyl and Tramadol
Objective: Due to current selection practices for increased egg production and peak persistency, the production profile, age at maturity, and body weight criteria for commercial layers are constantly changing. Body weight and age at the time of photostimulation will thus always be the factors that need to be adequately addressed among various production systems. The current study was carried out to determine the effects of pullets' body weight (low, medium, and heavy) on their performance, welfare, physiological response, and hormonal profile.Methods: With regard to live weight, 150 16-week-old pullets were divided into three groups using a completely randomized design (CRD) and held until the 50th week. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data under the CRD, and the least significant difference test was used to distinguish between treatment means.Results: In comparison to the medium and light birds, the heavy birds had higher body weight at maturity, an earlier age at maturity, and higher egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk index, breaking strength, egg surface area, egg shape index, egg volume, and hormonal profile except corticosterone. However, the medium and light birds had lower feed consumption rates per dozen eggs and per kilogram of egg mass than the heavy birds. Light birds showed greater body weight gain, egg production, and egg specific gravity than the other categories. At 20 weeks of age, physiological response, welfare aspects, and catalase were non-significant; however, at 50 weeks of age, all these factors—aside from catalase—were extremely significant.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that layers can function at lower body weights during photostimulation; hence, dietary regimens that result in lighter pullets may be preferable. Additionally, the welfare of the birds was not compromised by the lighter weight group.
Background and Aim: During anesthesia, hypertension is the most common additional risk factor that contributes to higher mortality rate. Antihypertension medicine’s withdrawal might leads to symptoms such as anxiety, rebound hypertension, myocardial infarction, tachyarrhythmia, angina exaggeration, and sudden death. The present study aimed to assess the perioperative management of blood pressure and effects of anesthesia in hypertensive patients undergoing general and orthopedic surgery. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 162 hypertensive patients in the General Surgery and Orthopedics Units of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar for the duration from April 2022 to September 2022. Study protocol was approved by institute ethical committee. Patients aged 16 to 70 years of either gender underwent general surgery and orthopaedic surgery were enrolled. The data was acquired during the anesthetist’s initial visit to the operated hypertensive patients' 24 hour postoperative period. Antihypertensive medications, hemodynamics, anesthesia drugs, fluid use, and blood loss were main variables noted. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were Intraoperative hemodynamics. SPSS version 27 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 162 hypertensive patients, there were 68 (42%) male and 94 (58%) females. The overall mean age was 58.62±8.4 years. Before surgery, about 119 (73.5%) patients took antihypertensive medication whereas 124 (76.5%) had antihypertensive medication within 24 hours. The most prevalent antihypertensive medication used and most common class during postoperative management was Calcium channel Blockers and Amlodipine. The most prevalent used anesthetic drug use was Bupivacaine. The incidence of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) fall and rise was found in 28 and 6 patients respectively. The incidence of Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) fall and rise during intraoperative management was 11 and 8 patient respectively. Conclusion: The present study found that a decreased heart rate in patients who were taking beta blockers consistently. Those who took diuretics had greater DBP and HR at the completion of the procedure. There was no significant change in hemodynamic parameters with any other antihypertensive treatment. Keywords: Hypertension, General Surgery, Orthopaedic, Hemodynamics
Objectives: Antibiotics are key drugs which are used for the treatment of infectious disease and are among the drug that are most frequently prescribe in pediatric patients. This study was designed to assess antibiotics utilization patterns in pediatric ward of a tertiary care teaching unit, Peshawar. Study Design: A retrospective cross sectional study. Setting: Pediatric ward by evaluating antibiotics utilization patterns in pediatric ward of a tertiary care teaching unite, Peshawar. Period: January, 2017 up to March, 2017. Method: Results: There were 219 patients included in the study. In this study, the major medical conditions for which antibiotics were prescribed include pneumonia (23.28%). The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftriaxone, 46.21%, while the most commonly prescribed multiple antibiotics were ceftriaxone plus ampicillin (21.9%) followed by Ceftriaxone & Metronidazole. The average number of antibiotics per prescription was 1.75. At least 114 (52%) patients were prescribed with single antibiotic and patients prescribed with two antibiotics were 72 (32%). There was a high rate of parental administration which account for about 92.26% of the total antibiotic prescribed. It is assessed that 26.89% of total drugs were prescribed by generic name which were extremely lesser than the medication prescribed with brand names 73.10%. Conclusion: From the result we concluded that third generation cephalosporin especially ceftriaxone was most frequently prescribed antibiotic in hospitalized children.
Introduction: The purpose of analgesia in postoperative period is to minimize pain with the fewest probable side effects and to obtain the highest possible cost-effectiveness in our environment. In children, caudal anesthesia is often given in combination with general anesthesia for postoperative and intraoperative anesthesia. To extend the length of anesthesia; adjuvants can be further added to local anaesthetics. This research was performed to determine the caudal bupivacaine anesthesia duration given in combination with tramadol. Study Design: A prospective, comparative, randomized, double-blinded study Place and duration: In the department of Anesthesia, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar for one-year duration from 21st January 2021 to 20th January 2022. METHODS: 80 patients, 3-8 years of age, enduring elective urological, lower limb and lower abdominal surgery. Patients were randomised in to group A (n = 40) given 0.25% bupivacaine 1 ml / kg and group B (n = 40) receiving bupivacaine 0.25% in dose of 1 ml / kg plus 1 mg / kg tramadol. The hemodynamic responses, side effects and analgesia total duration were observed and analyzed. Results: The patients were comparable in groups A and B in terms of hemodynamic response and demographics and were not significant statistically (p greater than 0.05). It was detected that the analgesia mean time was longer significantly in B group (464.2 ± 167.1 minutes vs 238.1 ± 71.5 minutes, P <0.001). The postoperative vomiting was perceived in two cases, one in each group. Conclusions: One mg / kg Tramadol adjuvant to 0.25% bupivacaine for caudal anesthesia in children effectively lengthens the analgesia duration deprived of increasing side effects. Keywords: bupivacaine; tramadol and caudal analgesia.
In this study, efforts were made to investigate fresh semen parameters and to select a suitable extender for buffalo semen cryopreservation. Experiment I, fresh undiluted seminal parameters were determined while Experiment II, efficacy comparison of coconut water extender (CWE) with tris citric acid extender (TCAE) and skimmed milk extender (SME) was made. Four bulls single ejaculate was collected weekly for 5 and 10 weeks for Experiment I and II, respectively however osmotic pressure replicates were 16 and 6 for semen and seminal plasma, respectively. In Experiment I, each bull spermatozoa concentration, motility (%), semen volume and pooled semen percentage NAR, PMI, viability and MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) reduction rate was checked. In Experiment II, pooled semen added to extenders and then equilibrated (4oC) and filled to obtain 20×106 spermatozoa/0.5 ml straws before plunging in liquid nitrogen. Percentage thawed spermatozoa viability, normal acrosomal ridge (NAR), motility, DNA damage, plasma membrane integrity (PMI) and lipid peroxidation (nM) recorded. In Experiment I, seminal parameters as spermatozoa concentration (1226.43±71.48 million/mL), semen volume (2.84±0.14 mL), viability (90.05±0.71%), motility (77.13±0.71%), PMI (86.23±0.34%), NAR (94.67±0.30%) and MTT reduction rate (0.290±0.06) while osmotic pressure of seminal plasma (294.83±3.87 mOsm/kg) and semen (290.87±2.58 mOsm/kg) was recorded. In Experiment II, TCAE higher (P<0.05) sperm motility noted compared to CWE and SME whereas percentage viability, NAR, PMI, DNA damage was non-significant. Lipid peroxidation compared to SME and TCAE was higher (P<0.05) in CWE. In conclusion, based on sperm motility and lipid per oxidation, TCAE was more efficient for cryopreservation of buffalo semen.
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