The study investigates the indicators that effect women’s economic empowerment. The data collected through questionnaires, with 350 sample dimension. Pragmatic results expose that enrolment of female in education, decision making power, decision concerning household asset and economic opportunities have positive effected on WEE and significant. Participation in economy & educational retrieve hold positive and insignificant effect on WEE due to limited access to educationalists, masculinity basis, male dominancy etc. Problems of socio-cultural, poverty have negative and insignificant effect on WEE because of cultural restrictions; female workers are bounded to teaching field & functioning in their own lands. Finally, the recommendations of the study are that free access should be given to women for education regardless of ethnicity, sexual partialities and may be allowed to work along their male equivalents in order to raise the level of economic empowerment of women. The same will subsequently enhance their potential for elimination of poverty, illiteracy and self-reliance in the society.
This study is an attempt to investigate the role of political instability and economic uncertainty on debt and economic growth for the data span of 1975 to 2016 in Pakistan. We extract economic uncertainty by using Generalized Autoregressive Conditionally Heteroskedastic (GARCH) model. We explore the relationship between debt and economic growth simultaneously with Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The deep-rooted relation of political and economic uncertainty with debt and growth recommends immediate fiscal and public policy adjustments to minimize the harms of higher debt-GDP ratio and slow economic growth. This study results in the changing fiscal behavior with political shifts and confirms "the positive theory of debt", by Tabellini (1989 and1990), recommending stable political environment with consistent economic policies for Pakistan.
This study investigates the effect of the economic freedom on the foreign portfolio investments in various countries of the World classified based on the level of income. The study used a sample of 184 countries for a period of 2001 to 2017, the full sample is further divided based on the level of income into a subsample of 74 high-income countries, 52 upper-middle-income countries, 32 lower-middle-income countries, and 26 lower income countries. The study estimated panel data regression models and found that a fixed effect is prevailing in all models. The regression results show that economic freedom has a positive effect on foreign portfolio investments. Furthermore, the results of the subsample also shows that economic freedom has a significant positive effect on foreign equity and foreign debts portfolio investments in high income, upper middle income, and lower-middle-income countries, however, there exists an insignificant effect of the economic freedom on the foreign equity and debts portfolio investments in the lower income countries.
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