Mechanically interlocked molecules present opportunities to construct therapeutic drugs and diagnostic imaging agents but harnessing supramolecular chemistry to make biologically active probes in water is a challenge. Here, we describe a rotaxane-based approach to synthesise radiolabelled proteins and peptides for molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers in vivo. Host-guest chemistry using β-cyclodextrin-and cucurbit-[6]uril-catalysed cooperative capture synthesis produced gallium-68 or zirconium-89 radiolabelled metallo-[4]rotaxanes. Photochemical conjugation to trastuzumab led to a viable positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer. The rotaxane architecture can be tuned to accommodate different radiometal ion complexes, other protein-or peptide-based drugs, and fluorophores for optical detection. This technology provides a platform to explore how mechanical bonding can improve drug delivery, enhance tumour specificity, control radiotracer pharmacokinetics, and reduce dosimetry.
The creation of discrete,
covalent bonds between a protein and
a functional molecule like a drug, fluorophore, or radiolabeled complex
is essential for making state-of-the-art tools that find applications
in basic science and clinical medicine. Photochemistry offers a unique
set of reactive groups that hold potential for the synthesis of protein
conjugates. Previous studies have demonstrated that photoactivatable
desferrioxamine B (DFO) derivatives featuring a para-substituted aryl
azide (ArN3) can be used to produce viable zirconium-89-radiolabeled
monoclonal antibodies (89Zr-mAbs) for applications in noninvasive
diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cancers.
Here, we report on the synthesis, 89Zr-radiochemistry,
and light-triggered photoradiosynthesis of 89Zr-labeled
human serum albumin (HSA) using a series of 14 different photoactivatable
DFO derivatives. The photoactive groups explore a range of substituted,
and isomeric ArN3 reagents, as well as derivatives of benzophenone,
a para-substituted trifluoromethyl phenyl diazirine, and a tetrazole
species. For the compounds studied, efficient photochemical activation
occurs inside the UVA-to-visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum
(∼365–450 nm) and the photochemical reactions with HSA
in water were complete within 15 min under ambient conditions. Under
standardized experimental conditions, photoradiosynthesis with compounds 1–14 produced the corresponding 89ZrDFO-PEG3-HSA conjugates with decay-corrected isolated
radiochemical yields between 18.1 ± 1.8% and 62.3 ± 3.6%.
Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to
explore the reaction mechanisms and chemoselectivity of the light-induced
bimolecular conjugation of compounds 1–14 to protein. The photoactivatable DFO-derivatives operate by at least
five distinct mechanisms, each producing a different type of bioconjugate
bond. Overall, the experimental and computational work presented here
confirms that photochemistry is a viable option for making diverse,
functionalized protein conjugates.
Radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a cornerstone of molecular diagnostic imaging and targeted radioimmunotherapy in Nuclear Medicine, but one of the major challenges in the field is to identify ways...
The design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of new ferrocenyl and ruthenocenyl derivatives of the antimalarial mefloquine is described.
Mechanically interlocked molecules present opportunities to construct therapeutic drugs and diagnostic imaging agents but harnessing supramolecular chemistry to make biologically active probes in water is a challenge. Here, we describe a rotaxane-based approach to synthesise radiolabelled proteins and peptides for molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers in vivo. Host-guest chemistry using β-cyclodextrin-and cucurbit-[6]uril-catalysed cooperative capture synthesis produced gallium-68 or zirconium-89 radiolabelled metallo-[4]rotaxanes. Photochemical conjugation to trastuzumab led to a viable positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer. The rotaxane architecture can be tuned to accommodate different radiometal ion complexes, other protein-or peptide-based drugs, and fluorophores for optical detection. This technology provides a platform to explore how mechanical bonding can improve drug delivery, enhance tumour specificity, control radiotracer pharmacokinetics, and reduce dosimetry.
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