Objective: Lipid emulsions containing omega-3 are known to have positive effects on patient's prognosis due to anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) emulsion containing omega-9 on biochemical parameters, inflammatory mediators in septic patients. Methods: Thirty-two participants who were not fed orally for over five days and needing TPN support were included in this prospective, randomized and double-blind clinical study. Patients were randomly divided into control (n=16), treatment (n=16) groups. The treatment group received TPN containing 80% olive oil+20% soy oil additionally 10 g fish oil enriched TPN. Control group received only olive oil containing standard lipid emulsion (1.3±0.1 g/kg/day). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis on the 1st and 6th days of study. Results: The serum albumin levels significantly increased (p<0.05) in both groups whereas total protein and prealbumin levels did not show any significant changes. In treatment group, significant decreases were determined in LTB4 and CRP levels (p<0.05) while decreases in IL-6, TNF-α and leukocyte levels were not significant. No statistically significant changes were found in LTB4, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and leukocyte levels of controls. Conclusion: Results of the study have shown that omega-3 enriched TPN solution containing omega-9 contributes to decrease in the levels of inflammatory mediators and to improvement in the biochemical parameters in septic patients.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing dietary levels of inorganic chromium (CrCl3 x 6H2O) on the performance, blood chemistry, and immune response of broilers. Eighty newly hatched Ross PM3 broiler chicks were evenly distributed to five groups of 16 chicks each. Two groups (control and only sheep red blood cell inoculated) were fed the basal diet containing 2.2 and 4.5 mg Cr/kg and the remaining groups were fed 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg Cr-supplemented diets for 44 d. Chicks in all groups, except in the control, at 3 and 5 wk of age, were injected intraperitonally with sheep red blood cell for determining the primary and secondary antibody responses, respectively. When the chicks were 4 wk of age, a delayed-type hypersensitivity test was performed. White blood cells were differentiated. Blood samples were collected for the determination of serum proteins, glucose, cholesterol, cortisol, minerals, and alkaline phosphatase activity and for antibody response. Chromium had no effect on weight gain, but 20 mg/kg supplemental Cr resulted in 18.57% reduction in feed consumption and improved feed efficiency by 16.77%. Chromium did not affect serum cholesterol and P levels but reduced serum glucose and increased serum protein, Cr, Ca, and Mg levels, and ALP activity. A slight reduction was observed with Cr supplementation in cortisol levels. Slight but not significant increases were observed with Cr in serum Zn and Cu. Chromium increased the ratio of bursa of Fabricius and liver to body weight. Heterophil and monocyte counts and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio were reduced and lymphocyte counts, total antibody, IgG, and IgM titers were increased by supplemental Cr. All levels of Cr increased the cell-mediated response to phytohemagglutinin. No alterations in tissues were observed by histopathological examinations.

This study was performed to determine the effects of copper proteinate on performance, blood chemistry, lipid peroxidation status, and organs as well as copper deposition in the liver and eggs of laying hens. Seventy-two 30-week-old Bovans laying hens were distributed into four groups with three replicates. Animals were fed basal diet containing at least 17% crude protein and 2,800 kcal/kg metabolizable energy supplemented with either 0, 150, 300, or 450 mg/kg copper as copper proteinate. Supplementation of 150 and 300 mg/kg copper increased egg production, whereas 450 mg/kg copper decreased (p < 0.001). Liver copper levels were elevated in 300 and 450 mg/kg copper-supplemented groups (p < 0.001). Egg copper contents increased in all treatment groups (p < 0.01). An increase in glucose (p < 0.001) and decreases in albumin (p < 0.01) and total cholesterol (p < 0.05) levels were determined with 300 and 450 mg/kg copper. Supplementation of 450 mg/kg copper increased alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activities (p < 0.05), malondialdehyde, and high-density lipoprotein levels (p < 0.01) but decreased alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities (p < 0.01). No gross and microscopic changes were observed in the liver and kidneys. These results indicated that 150 and 300 mg/kg copper increased egg production without having marked adverse effects, but 450 mg/kg copper altered some blood chemistry variables and reduced egg production in laying hens.

This study was performed to investigate the serum zinc (Zn), plasma ghrelin, leptin levels and nutritional status, and to evaluate the potential association between malnutrition and these investigated parameters in malnourished hemodialysis (HD) patients. Fifteen malnourished HD patients, aged 42.9 +/- 2.11 years, who underwent the HD for 46.44 +/- 7.1 months and 15 healthy volunteers, aged 41.0 +/- 2.17 years, were included in this study. The nutritional status of the subjects was determined by the subjective global assessment (SGA). Anthropometric measurements were taken by bioelectrical impedance after HD. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of zinc (Zn), ghrelin, leptin, and selected blood parameters. The HD patients consumed less energy and nutrients than controls. In HD patients, body weight, body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), basal metabolic rate (BMR), body fat, lean body mass (LBM), serum Zn, copper (Cu) (p < 0.05), sodium (Na) (p < 0.01), glucose (p < 0.05), albumin (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and ghrelin (p < 0.05) were lower whereas body water ratio (p < 0.001), serum potassium (K) (p < 0.01), inorganic phosphorous (Pi), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (p < 0.001), and plasma insulin (p < 0.05) levels were higher than the controls. No difference existed between HD patients and controls regarding plasma leptin levels. There were positive correlations for body weight-fasting glucose and body weight-leptin (p < 0.05), body weight-BMI and body weight-LBM (p < 0.01); body fat-leptin (p < 0.05); BMI-fasting glucose, BMI-leptin, and BMI-body fat (p < 0.05); albumin-hemoglobin and albumin-insulin (p < 0.05). Negative correlation was found for SGA score-ghrelin (p < 0.05). Malnutrition in HD patients may result from inadequate energy and nutrient intake and low Zn and ghrelin levels. Zinc supplementation to the diets of HD patients may be of value to prevent the malnutrition.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of dietary chromium supplementation on performance, carcass traits, blood chemistry, and tissue distribution of chromium (Cr3+) in quails. Two hundred forty 1-d-old Japanese quails were divided into five groups with four replicates and were fed a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 20, 40, 80, or 100 mg/kg Cr (CrCl3.6H2O) until 38 d of age. Chromium supplementation decreased carcass fat percentage, serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and glucose and increased serum magnesium (Mg) and Cr content of kidney, liver, and muscle. In conclusion, 20, 40, 80, or 100 mg/kg Cr supplementation to quail diet had no effect on performance, chemical composition of carcass except fat percentage, serum protein, calcium (Ca), and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels, but reduced serum glucose, LDL and fat percentage of carcass. Chromium is accumulated mainly in the kidneys and liver.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 min run test on oxidative stress, some antioxidant enzyme activities, and muscle and DNA damage. Twenty two healthy and well trained male athletes were recruited to this study. The12 min run test, cooper test, was applied to the participating athletes. The blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 h after the run test, and sera and plasma were separated and then stored at -80°C until the analysis. Serum MDA and NO levels as the indicators of oxidative damage; serum SOD and CAT, plasma GPx activities as the indicators of antioxidant defense system; serum 8-OHdG as the indicator of DNA damage, CK and LHD enzyme activities as the indicators of muscle damage, and glucose level were measured. Serum SOD, NO, CAT, and 8-OHdG levels showed no significant changes before, immediately after and 24 h after the run rest. There was a significant decrease in serum MDA level immediately after exercise, which is returned to baseline level after 24 h-rest period (p<0.05). Serum LHD (p<0.001) and CK activities (p<0.05) and glucose level (p<0.001) increased immediately after exercise but these increments returned to pre-exercise level after 24 h-rest period. Acute twelve minute endurance exercise increased CK, LDH and glucose decreased oxidative stress and whereas has no effect on antioxidant capacity and DNA damage in trained young men.

The effects of dietary inorganic chromium on some biochemical parameters were determined in lambs fed either a control diet or a 200-ppb or 400-ppb chromium-supplemented diet. The live weight of the animals were measured and jugular blood samples were collected prior to supplementation (d 0) and on d 20, 40, and 55. On d 55, three animals from each group were slaughtered to measure subcutaneous fat. Sera were analyzed for glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total protein, albumin, ALT, AST, and GGT levels. Chromium supplementation had no significant effect on live weight, but subcutaneous fat was reduced significantly in both chromium groups. There was a slight decrease in glucose concentrations in the 200-ppb chromium group, although only the differences on d 55 were significant. Triglyceride levels in both chromium groups were lower than the control group with marked differences in the 400-ppb chromium group. HDL cholesterol levels increased in both treatment groups compare to control, although the differences in the 400-ppb chromium group on d 40 were significant. Serum Cr concentrations slightly but not significantly increased in both chromium groups. No significant differences were found in total and LDL cholesterol, total protein, albumin, ALT, AST, and GGT levels. In conclusion, chromium supplementation may affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms and lipid deposition in lambs.

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