Cisplatin (Cp) is an anti-neoplastic drug. Nephrotoxicity is the major side effect of Cp. Spirulina (Sp) is a blue-green alga with the ability to alleviating side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in clinic. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of Sp to protect from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Adult male rat was orally administered Sp two days before single dose of Cp over 21 days (Sp + Cp group), 2nd group that intake Sp two days after with the same dose of Cp (Cp + Sp group) and two further groups were served as controls treated with either Sp or Cp only, respectively, as well as normal healthy control was included. At the end of experiment, Cp drug was induced acute kidney injury elevated levels of BUN, creatinine, KIM-1, NGAL and microalbumin in significant compared to that of normal control group, while the opposite effects were found in the rats who received Sp only. Furthermore, the prophylactic group showed improvements in biochemical parameters compared to those received Cp only. The effects of Cp were found to be diminished in the treated group. In addition, evaluation of Bax and SIRT genes expression in combination with histomorphological alterations of the kidney indicated the protective effect of Sp against Cp. In conclusion, pretreatment with Sp protected Cp-induced nephrotoxicity, probably via its antiapoptotic properties.

According Global Cancer Statistics 2020 GLOBOCAN estimates female breast cancer was found as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), and the fourth leading cause (6.9%) of cancer death among women worldwide. Identification of new diagnostic marker sharply characterize the tumor feature is intensive need. The present work was performed to investigate the involvement of the INF-γ + 874 T/A gene polymorphism in different breast cancer prognostic factors. Polymorphism detection analysis was performed on 163 subjects from breast cancer patients, 79 with inflamed cells of breast patients and 144 controls. The gene polymorphism was detected using the amplification refractory mutation system- polymerase chain reaction method (ARMS-PCR). The distribution of INF-γ T + 874A gene polymorphism shows strong significant association between INF-γ + 874 T/A genotypes TT in BC patients (ORTT: 6.41 [95% CI = 2.72–15.1] P < 0.0001) as well as strong significant association regarding T allele (ORT: 1.99 [95% CI = 1.43–2.76] P < 0.0001) when compared to the healthy control. In ICB group the strong association was noted with INF-γ + 874 T/A genotypes AT genotype (ORAT: 2.28 [95% CI = 1.22–4.29] P = 0.007). From the different histological BC hormonal markers the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was showing significant association in INF-γ + 874 T/A genotypes TT (P = 0.03) and recessive model (TT versus AA + AT P = 0.03). Concerning different BC prognostic models, the poor prognostic one of luminal B, (ER +ve PR +ve Her2 +ve ) show significant association in the host INF-γ + 874 T/A genotype (TT, P = 0.03) and recessive model (TT versus AA + AT P = 0.02) when compared to the good prognostic hormonal status luminal A model, (ER +ve PR +ve Her2-ve). It seems that this is the first study that interested in correlate the INF-γ + 874 T/A gene polymorphisms in Egyptian BC patients. T allele, TT genotype and recessive model of the INF-γ + 874 T/A gene variants were documented as risk factors for BC pathogenesis. It may be used as practical biomarker to guide the BC carcinogenesis and risk process.

No abstract

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anti-neoplastic drug, which is widely used for treating cancer and nonmalignant tumors. One of the major side effects of CP is hemorrhagic cystitis. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; Sp) is a blue-green algae with the ability to attenuate oxidative stress, which may be utilized for alleviating side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in the clinic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of Sp, to protect mice from cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hemorrhagic cystitis due to its antioxidant properties. Adult female mice were orally administered Sp (600 g/kg body weight/day) over nine days as well as a single dose of CP (40 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally either four days previously (CP + Sp group) or four days after the start of Sp intake (Sp + CP group); two further groups were treated with either Sp or CP only, respectively. The results showed that CP induced hemorrhagic cystitis in mice, with levels of malondialdehyde (MAD) significantly increased and those of glutathione (GSH) decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while the opposite effects were observed in the mice who received Sp only (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the CP + Sp group, MAD and GSH levels were improved compared with those in the CP only group, and in the Sp + CP group, the effects of CP were reversed. In addition, histomorphological alterations of the urinary bladder were significantly lower than those in the CP group. In conclusion, pre-treatment with Sp protected mice from CP-induced urotoxicity, probably via its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

To investigate the effect of pomegranate juice (PJ) on the cyclosporine (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, 80 rats were divided into four groups. The first group was regarded a negative control group, and the others were as follows: group 2 (CsA group) received CsA in a dose of 25 mg/kg/day orally, group 3 (treated group) received CsA in a dose of 25 mg/kg/day plus 2.5 mL/day of PJ, and group 4 (PJ group) received 2.5 mL of PJ daily. By the end of the 21st day, plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine clearance, urinary KIM-1, and NGAL were determined. Histopathological investigation and the determination of malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in kidney tissues. The results show that plasma creatinine, BUN, creatinine clearance, and kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were significantly altered in the CsA group. The supplement of PJ attenuated the alteration in these parameters. The treatment with PJ also prohibits the CsA-induced alteration in the histopathology, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes. We can conclude that PJ protects against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity due to its antioxidant effects.