A field experiment was carried out at Giza experimental Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), during 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 seasons. The main objective was to study the effect of either iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn) application methods, viz. seed coating at rates of 0.2 g Fe or 0.3 g Mn / 1 kg seed, foliar application at 200 ppm Fe or 300 ppm Mn 45 days after sowing (DAS) and the combination of both methods on growth, yield and seed quality of Giza 40 and Nubaria 1 faba bean cultivars. The split plot design with three replications was used. Results showed that Giza 40 produced significantly taller plants at 64, 85, 106 and 127 DAS. It was also superior in plant shoot dry weight at 64 and 85 DAS. The same trend was true at harvest regarding pod number / plant in both seasons. However, Nubaria 1 surpassed Giza 40 in plant shoot dry weight at 106 and 127 DAS. In addition, Nubaria 1 was superior to Giza 40 in leaf area (LA) / plant at all growth ages, 100-seed weight, seed weight / plant, seed and straw yields / feddan as well as seed crude protein, Fe and Mn contents. All treatments induced significant increases over the control in all investigated yield traits in both seasons. Foliar application of Fe was the most effective treatment in this respect followed by foliar application of Mn. The average increases due to foliar application of Fe were 20.4, 42.8, 14.2 and 23.2 % for number of pods / plant, seed weight / plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield / feddan, respectively compared with control. Results also indicated that foliar application of either Fe or Mn could have improved yield and seed quality traits. The improvement in seed protein, total carbohydrate, Fe and Mn contents due to foliar application over coating or coating + spraying methods were 4.8 and 3.9 % for crude protein, 6.1 and 5.5 % for total carbohydrates, 11.1 and 7.5 % for Fe and 10.4 and 7.2 % for Mn, respectively.
Afield experiment was conducted to determine the effect of three planting dates; early (25 th Oct.), optimum (25 th Nov.) and late (25 th Dec.) on yield, yield components and grain quality of four bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; Shandaweel 1, Sids 12, Giza 168 and Sakha 93, at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, (ARC), during the two successive growing seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Sowing dates and cultivars both significantly affected the number of spikes/m 2 , number of kernels/spike, 1000-kernel weight, grain yield, straw yield, grain protein and carbohydrate percentage. Yield and yield components of wheat sown on November 25 were significantly increased compared to those sown on October 25 and December 25 from studied aspects. Delayed sowing adversely affected the yield and yield components and carbohydrate %, while it increased the grain protein %. Considering overall sowing performance of all cultivars, Shandaweel 1 produced highest yield followed by Sids 12, Giza 168 and Sakha 93.
Water stress is considered one of the most critical environmental factors affecting wheat growth and productivity worldwide. So, a field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag governorate, Egypt, during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons to study the effect of the application of melatonin (30 ppm), salicylic acid (200 ppm), and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on wheat cultivar Shandaweel 1 under three irrigation levels i.e., 5476 (I100),4380 (I80) and 3285 (I60) m 3 ha -1 . Results showed that decreasing irrigation water amount from 5476 to 3285 m 3 ha -1 caused a significant decrease in days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, leaf area index at 75 and days after sowing, leaf chlorophyll content, spike length, number of spikes m -2 , number of spikelets spike -1 , number of kernels spike -1 , thousand kernel weight, grain yield, biological yield, and grain carbohydrate content, while it caused a significant increase in grain protein content. Application of melatonin, salicylic acid, and mycorrhizal fungi treatments separately or in combination (salicylic acid + mycorrhizal fungi) or (melatonin + mycorrhizal fungi) reduced the negative effects of water stress in wheat as compared to the control treatment. The greatest reduction for the negative effect of water stress and the highest mean values of all studied traits were obtained with the combined application of (salicylic acid + mycorrhizal fungi) or (melatonin + mycorrhizal fungi) treatments and these combinations can play an important role in the reclamation of drought-affected land in arid and semi-arid regions.
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