The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stagnation-point flow of a nanofluid towards a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet with chemical reaction effect is investigated. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation which are then solved numerically using the boundary value problem solver, bvp4c built in Matlab software. The numerical results are obtained for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number as well as the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles for some values of the governing parameters, namely suction/injection parameter and chemical reaction parameter. Dual solutions are found to exist for a certain range of the stretching/shrinking parameter. A stability analysis is performed to determine which solutions are stable and physically reliable. It is found that the first solutions are stable and the second solutions are unstable. ABSTRAKAliran titik genangan magnetohidrodinamik (MHD) nanobendalir terhadap permukaan telap meregang/mengecut dengan kesan tindak balas kimia dikaji. Persamaan menakluk dalam bentuk persamaan pembezaan separa tak linear dijelmakan kepada sistem persamaan pembezaan biasa tak linear menggunakan penjelmaan keserupaan seterusnya diselesaikan secara berangka menggunakan penyelesai masalah nilai sempadan, bvp4c dibina dalam perisian Matlab. Keputusan berangka diperoleh bagi pekali geseran kulit, nombor Nusselt setempat dan nombor Sherwood setempat serta profil halaju, suhu dan pecahan isi padu nanozarah bagi beberapa nilai parameter menakluk, iaitu parameter sedutan/semburan dan parameter tindak balas kimia. Penyelesaian dual didapati wujud bagi julat tertentu parameter regangan/kecutan. Analisis kestabilan dijalankan untuk menentukan penyelesaian yang stabil dan bermakna secara fizikal. Didapati bahawa penyelesaian pertama adalah stabil dan penyelesaian kedua tidak stabil.Kata kunci: Aliran titik genangan; kesan tindak balas kimia; magnetohidrodinamik (MHD); nanobendalir; permukaan meregang/mengecut; sedutan/semburan
Purpose This paper aims to analyze the behavior of the stagnation-point flow and heat transfer over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet in the presence of the viscous dissipation and heat source effects. Design/methodology/approach The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations before being solved numerically using the bvp4c function built in Matlab software. Effects of suction/injection parameter and heat source parameter on the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients as well as the velocity and temperature profiles are presented in the forms of tables and graphs. A temporal stability analysis will be conducted to verify which solution is stable for the dual solutions exist for the shrinking case. Findings The analysis indicates that the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number as well as the velocity and temperature were influenced by suction/injection parameter. In contrast, only the local Nusselt number, which represents heat transfer rate at the surface, was affected by heat source effect. Further, numerical results showed that dual solutions were found to exist for the certain range of shrinking case. Then, the stability analysis is performed, and it is confirmed that the first solution is linearly stable and has real physical implication, while the second solution is not. Practical implications In practice, the study of the steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow and heat transfer past a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet in the presence of heat source effect is very crucial and useful. The problems involving fluid flow over stretching or shrinking surfaces can be found in many industrial manufacturing processes such as hot rolling, paper production and spinning of fibers. Owing to the numerous applications, the study of stretching/shrinking sheet was subsequently extended by many authors to explore various aspects of skin friction coefficient and heat transfer in a fluid. Besides that, the study of suction/injection on the boundary layer flow also has important applications in the field of aerodynamics and space science. Originality/value Although many studies on viscous fluid has been investigated, there is still limited discoveries found on the heat source and suction/injection effects. Indeed, this paper managed to obtain the second (dual) solutions and stability analysis is performed. The authors believe that all the results are original and have not been published elsewhere.
Breast cancer is the most often identified cancer among women and the main reason for cancer-related deaths worldwide. The most effective methods for controlling and treating this disease through breast screening and emerging detection techniques. This paper proposes an intelligent classifier for the early detection of breast cancer using a larger dataset since there is limited researcher focus on that for better analytic models. To ensure that the issue is tackled, this project proposes an intelligent classifier using the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) with a statistical feature model that uses a more significant size of data set to analyze the prediction of the presence of breast cancer using Ultra Wideband (UWB). The proposed method is able to detect breast cancer existence with an average accuracy of 98.67%. The proposed module might become a potential user-friendly technology for early breast cancer detection in domestic use.
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