Background: Parquetina nigrescens is among the evergreen plants native to West Africa. It is used in the management of various ailments including anemia, fever, asthma and diabetes. This study evaluated the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Parquetina nigrescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced in overnight fasted rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), followed by the administration of nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) after an interval of 15 min. Diabetic rats were orally administered with; 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Parquetina nigrescens (AEPN), metformin (180 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (1 mg/kg) for two weeks. The effect of treatments on fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, homa-ir, lipid profile, body weight, pancreatic antioxidants parameters, hepatic glycogen content, glucose-6-phosphate activity, α-amylase inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition, lipase inhibition and histology of the organs were evaluated. Results: Data from this study showed that treatment with AEPN produced a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose, glucose-6-phosphatase activity, serum lipase, total triglyceride, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoproteins, very low-density lipoprotein, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, pancreatic α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase activities. Treatment with AEPN also produced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in; glucose tolerance, glycogen content, leptin, adiponectin and pancreatic antioxidants (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and high-density lipoproteins). The histology of the organ showed regeneration of the pancreatic tissue after treatment with AEPN. Conclusions: This study showed that AEPN exhibited antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats.
Background: The leaf extract of Croton zambesicus (CZ) is used in traditional medicine for the management of various conditions including kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of leaf extract of CZ on rat kidney toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride. Method: Male albino rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats and treated for 5 days with aqueous extract (200-400 mg/kg) and n-butanol fraction (20-40 mg/kg) of CZ. Carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg of 40% in olive oil) was administered subcutaneously for 3 days and the rats were treated with the extract and fraction for 3 days. Animals were euthanized on day 8 with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (60 mg/kg) and xylazine (7.5 mg/kg). Blood sample was collected for the analysis of serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine. Kidney tissue was harvested to determine the antioxidant enzyme activity. Results: Carbon tetrachloride produced increased serum sodium ion, chloride ion, urea and creatinine with decreased superoxide, catalase, glutathione, oxidized glutathione and an increase in malondialdehyde concentration. Treatment of rats with the aqueous leaf extract and n-butanol fraction attenuated the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride on kidney with a significant decline in serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine and a significant increase in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: Results from this study revealed that the aqueous leaf extract and n-butanol fraction of CZ had protective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced renal toxicity in rats, thus justifying the consideration of this plant for the management of kidney disease.
Herbal mixtures are extensively consumed globally for medicinal use due to the belief that they are safe and readily accessible. The herbal preparation (SHM), evaluated in this study, is made up of 7 plants found in Nigeria and it is used internally and externally for varieties of disease conditions. The heavy metals and microbial content of SHM was evaluated. Three batches of the SMH were analyzed for presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The microbial load was also evaluated by determining the total viable yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The metal and microbial content of the samples were compared with WHO permissible limits and differences in concentration among the batches were determined. Fe (0.010-0.100 mg/L) and Zn (0.010-0.030 mg/L) detected were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the permissible limits while Cu, Pb and Cd were absent. A batch had total yeast and mould count (4.95 x 103Cfu/mL) above the permissible limit whereas the other batches were below the limit. Microorganisms (yeasts, mould like Aspergillus flavus and Rhizoctonia solani) were present in all the batches and hence SHM may not be safe for internal use. Keywords: Herbal mixtures, Heavy metals, Microbial load, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
Background: Turraea vogelii has been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of ailments including wounds, stomach aches, malaria, infections, filariasis cutaneous, among others and, it serves as source of food. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutraceuticals content and topical anti-inflammatory effect of hydro-methanol twig extract of Turraea vogelii (METV). Method: METV was obtained using cold maceration with water and methanol in ratio 30:70. The concentration of vitamins A, C and E, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were evaluated by UV spectrophotometric method. Phenol and xylene-induced ear edema was used to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory effect in mice. Results: The concentration of vitamins A, C and E was found to be 0.113 0.006, 9.303 0.012 and 0.020 0.001 mg in 100g of dried plant materials, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 0.281 0.318 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 0.112 mg/g quercetin equivalent, respectively. Topical application of METV at a dose of 25 and 50mg/ear in xylene-induced ear edema produced significant inhibition (P<0.05) of 33 and 54% while in phenol-induced ear edema was significantly (P< 0.05) reduced by 44% and 34%. Dexamethasone (0.1mg/ear) produced an inhibition of 83% and 57% in phenol-induced ear edema. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that Turraea vogelii twigs contain flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for the topical anti-inflammatory effect of the plant extract.
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