Essential oils (EOs) are chemical products produced by odoriferous glands from a variety of plants. These essential oils have many health benefits: antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. So due to these medicinal properties, the present study was designed to analyze essential oils of Thymus zygis L. and Thymus willdenowii Boiss. for their chemical composition and biological activities. These two thyme species were collected from the region of Ifrane, Middle Atlas of Morocco. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the yields were 5.25% for T. zygis and 3.00% for T. willdenowii. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the results showed that T. zygis EO is dominated by carvacrol (52.5%), o-cymene (23.14%), and thymol (9.68%), while the EO of T. willdenowii contains germacrene D (16.51%), carvacrol (16.19%), and geranyl acetate (8.35%) as major compounds. The antioxidant activity assessed by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays revealed that both EOs have excellent antioxidant activities; by DPPH it resulted in IC50 = 6.13 ± 0.11 for T. zygis and 6.78 ± 0.3 µg/mL for T. willdenowii, while the one by FRAP yielded EC50 = 2.46 ± 0.01 (T. zygis) and 5.17 ± 0.2 (T. willdenowii) µg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the two essential oils was evaluated against six bacterial strains and five fungal strains by the disk diffusion method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). The EOs revealed variable antimicrobial activities against the different tested microbial strains and showed strong antimicrobial activities, even against strains known as multi-resistant to antibiotics (Acinetobacter baumannii) at low concentrations (2 µL/mL). T. zygis EO showed the most powerful activity against all the studied bacteria, while that of T. willdenowii recorded moderate activity when tested against Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella Typhi. With inhibition diameters that vary between 75 mm and 84 mm for concentrations of 2 µL/mL up to 12 µL/mL, S. aureus was shown to be the most sensitive to T. zygis EO. For the antifungal activity test, T. zygis EO showed the best inhibition diameters compared to T. willdenowii EO. These results showed that T. zygis EO has more powerful antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than T. willdenowii EO, therefore, we deduce that thyme EOs are excellent antioxidants, they have strong antimicrobial properties, and may in the future represent new sources of natural antiseptics that can be used in pharmaceutical and food industry.
Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (Rhamnaceae) is a plant species found across the Mediterranean area. This comprehensive overview aims to summarize the botanical description and ethnobotanical uses of Z. lotus and its phytochemical compounds derived with recent updates on its pharmacological and toxicological properties. The data were collected from electronic databases including the Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Google Scholars. It can be seen from the literature that Z. lotus is traditionally used to treat and prevent several diseases including diabetes, digestive problems, urinary tract problems, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, and dermal problems. The extracts of Z. lotus demonstrated several pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo such as antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-oxidant, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, anti-proliferative, anti-spasmodic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects. The phytochemical characterization of Z. lotus extracts revealed the presence of over 181 bioactive compounds including terpenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids. Toxicity studies on Z. lotus showed that extracts from this plant are safe and free from toxicity. Thus, further research is needed to establish a possible relationship between traditional uses, plant chemistry, and pharmacological properties. Furthermore, Z. lotus is quite promising as a medicinal agent, so further clinical trials should be conducted to prove its efficacy.
Volatile and Non-Volatile Chemical Compounds and Biological Power of the genus Lavandula: Case of two Moroccan Lavenders Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Cultivated Lavender) and Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav.
A study was carried out in central nursery in Kut affiliated to Wasit Agriculture Directorate on 18/09/2020 to study effect of adding Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus megatherium on growth, leaf mineral content and medicinal compounds of “Qaisi” olive transplants. This experiment was carried out on 81 olive transplants with homogeneous vegetative growth as much as possible. Two factors were used in experiment; first factor is addition Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria (A) with three levels: no addition (A0), addition of 30 ml.pot-1 (A30) and addition of 60 ml.pot-1 (A60) and second factor is three levels of Bacillus megatherium (P) is without addition (P0), adding 30 ml.pot-1 (P30) and adding 60 ml.pot-1 (P60).Treatments were replicated three times (three transplants in experimental unit) at factorial experiment in a RCBD. experimental results showed; adding Azotobacter chroococcum to soil at 60 ml.pot-1 (A60) significantly increased in transplant height of 5.78 cm, highest leaf area of 8.99 cm2, highest Branches number of 10.67 branches transplant-1, highest Leaves Carbohydrates content of 4.54 %, highest leaf Caffeic acid content of 14.63 mg.g-1 and highest leaf Vanillic Acid content of 16.90 mg.g-1, also results shows that adding Bacillus megatherium to soil at 60 ml.pot-1 (P60) gave highest increased in transplant height of 5.64 cm, highest leaf area of 8.84 cm2, highest Branches number of 9.78 branches transplant-1, highest Leaves Carbohydrates content content of 4.62 %, highest leaf Caffeic acid content of 15.59 mg.g-1 and highest leaf Vanillic Acid content of 17.89 mg.g-1,
In infectiology, some essential oils (EOs) are able to competewith antibiotic therapy and even surpass it; it is in this context that a study of the chemical composition and the antibacterial power of the EOs of three aromatic and widely used medicinal plants in traditional medicine was conducted which are Satureja calamintha subsp. nepeta (L.) Briq, Lavandula multifida L., and Mentha pulegium L. The extracted EO yields were of the order of 2.6%, 0.12%, and 5.29% for Satureja calamintha, Lavandula multifida, and Mentha pulegium, respectively. The obtained EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of these analyses showed that Lavandula multifida contains carvacrol as a majority compound (70.65%); by contrast, the pulegone is the majority compound of Satureja calamintha and Mentha pulegium that contain about 87.04% and 71.97%, respectively. The EOs with the pulegone as predominant compound (Mentha pulegium and Satureja calamintha) showed higher antibacterial activity when tested against some multiresistant strains, compared to those with the carvacrol as major compound. In conclusion, this study may open up prospects for the formulation of phytomedicines against resistant and nonresistant bacteria incriminated in nosocomial infections.
The cosmetics and food fields are based on the use of synthetic substances to protect their products against oxidation. However, synthetic antioxidants were reported to have negative effects on human health. The interest to develop natural antioxidants from plants has been growing in recent decades. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties of three essential oils (EOs) of M. pulegium (L.), M. suaveolens (Ehrh.) and M. spicata (L.) from the Azrou and Ifrane regions. The organoleptic characteristics, yields and physical properties were determined for the selected EOs. Their chemical compositions were identified using GC-MS; then, their antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH• free radical scavenging activity and were compared with the ascorbic acid standard. The determined physicochemical parameters of dry matter and EOs demonstrated their good quality. The analysis of the EOs showed the dominance of pulegone (68.86–70.92%) and piperitenone (24.81%), piperitenone oxide (74.69–60.3%), and carvone (71.56–54.79%) and limonene (10.5–9.69%) for M. pulegium, M. suaveolens and M. spicata, respectively, from Azrou and Ifrane. Additionally, the antiradical tests demonstrated the remarkable power of these EOs, especially M. pulegium EO (IC50 = 15.93 mg/mL), which recorded the best activity compared with ascorbic acid (IC50 = 8.849 mg/mL). The obtained results indicated that these EOs could be applied as natural antioxidants in the food industry.
Context: As part of a huge project to assess Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (AMP) in the Ifrane-region, we made a list of these AMP through a floristic study, then we carried out ethnobotanical and socio-economic studies of six AMP belonging to three different genera (Lavandula L., Thymus L. and Crataegus L.). Aims: To investigate the AMP sector to enhance social and sustainable development of Ifrane region. Methods: In order to explore the floristic diversity of aromatic and medicinal plants in the Ifrane region, six field surveys were conducted, while all relevant floristic and medicinal literature was consulted. The ethnobotanical and socioeconomic surveys were carried out using questionnaire forms and were conducted during six campaigns among informants. Results: The inventory of spontaneous aromatic and medicinal flora in the study area highlighted the existence of 130 species belonging to 45 genera and 17 botanical families. The obtained results revealed that the exploitation in the spontaneous state of leaves and flowers, and the “decoction” method of preparation were the most frequently used ways to treat various diseases. The informants declared facing many problems such as high production costs, limited technical and financial means, processing and marketing difficulties, and lack of quality control and raw material traceability. Conclusions: This study will be a database for the actors of the AMP sector in Ifrane. Thus, it will contribute to both social and sustainable developments of this sector in this region.
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