ContextDyslipidemia is quite prevalent in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Maintaining tight glycemic along with lipid control plays an essential role in preventing micro- and macro-vascular complications associated with diabetes. PurposeThe main purpose of the study was to highlight the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglyceride levels. This may in turn help in predicting the triglyceride status of type 2 diabetics and therefore identifying patients at increased risk from cardiovascular events. Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the common risk factors for coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Careful monitoring of the blood glucose level can be used to predict lipid status and can prevent most of the complications associated with the disease.MethodThis is a cross-sectional study using data collected from the outpatient diabetic clinic of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC) Karachi, Pakistan. Patients of age 18 years and above were recruited from the clinic. A total of consenting 509 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled over a period of 11 months. For statistical analysis, SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17.0 ( IBM Corp, Armonk, New York) was used and Chi-square and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find the association between triglyceride and HbA1c. The HbA1c was dichotomized into four groups on the basis of cut-off. Chi-square was used for association between HbA1c with various cut-off values and high triglyceride levels. Odds-ratio and its 95% confidence interval were calculated to estimate the level of risk between high triglyceride levels and HbA1c groups. The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all the tests applied for significance.ResultThe association of high triglyceride was evaluated in four different groups of HbA1c, with a cut-off seven, eight, nine and 10 respectively. With HbA1c cut-off value of 7%, 74% patients had high triglycerides and showed a significant association with high triglyceride levels at p < 0.001 and odds ratio was 2.038 (95% confidence interval: 1.397 – 2.972). Logistic regression models were adjusted for demographic factors (age, race, gender), lifestyle factors (smoking, body mass index, lifestyle) and health status factors (blood pressure, physician-rated health status).ConclusionAfter adjusting for relevant covariates, glycated hemoglobin was positively correlated with high triglyceride. Hence, HbA1c can be an indicator of triglyceride level and can be one of the predictors of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To determine the ovarian reserve parameters in patients presenting for IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment and its association with the number of follicles retrieved and number of oocyte retrieved and fertilized. Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted at Australian Concept Infertility Medical Centre from January 2017 to August 2017. Around 120 couples presenting to infertility clinics selected for IVF and ICSI with Females (25-45) had their FSH, AMH and AFC done. After ovulation induction, its response was determined by number of follicles retrieved, quality of oocytes retrieved or fertilized and inseminated. SPSS version 20 was used for the purpose of data analysis.  Results: The median age of the patients was 34 (29-38) years. A moderate negative correlation of age and FSH levels was observed with quality of oocytes, Number of oocyte inseminated, number of oocyte fertilized and number of follicle restored. However, a positive correlation of AMH and AFC levels were found with quality of oocytes, Number of oocyte inseminated, number of oocyte fertilized and number of follicle restored. The correlation of AMH levels with number of oocyte inseminated (rho 0.729, p-value <0.001), number of oocyte fertilized (rho 0.721, <0.001) and number of follicle restored (rho 0.723, p-value <0.001) were found strongly correlated. Conclusion: Our study concluded that AMH and AFC have a strong correlation with number of follicles restored and number of oocytes retrieved whereas FSH and age has a weak correlation with the number of follicles restored and number of oocytes retrieved. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.753 How to cite this:Siddiqui QA, Anjum S, Zahra F, Yousuf SM. Ovarian reserve parameters and response to controlled ovarian stimulation in infertile patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(4):---------.   doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.753 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

BACKGROUND Dental malocclusion not only affects the functional abilities and aesthetic features of an individual, but also affects the psychological status of an individual. The study aims to address the necessity of orthodontic treatment using the Orthodontic Treatment Needs Index (IOTN) and its influence on the individual’s quality of life using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) Index on adults undergoing dental treatment in Ibn Sina National college, dental clinics. METHODS 401 adult subjects undergoing treatment at Ibn Sina National College, dental clinics were selected randomly for the study. The subjects were examined by 5 calibrated dentists. For each patient, two indices, IOTN and OHIP-14 were recorded. Each subject’s relationship of teeth was recorded on a dental chair equipped with natural and dental light. Angle’s molar and canine classification, overjet, overbite were recorded to reach an IOTN score. The influence on quality of life was determined using the OHIP-14 index by asking questions regarding functional limitation, physical pain and disability, and social discomfort. RESULTS Out of 401 participants, 57.4 % were females and 42.6 % were males. The mean age of the participants was found to be 29.94 ± 10.75 years. The functional limitations for pronouncing words among the participants were statistically significant. Physical pain and disability, psychological discomfort and disability, as well as social disability domains showed a statistically significant association, whereas the relationship of handicapped with IOTN grades were not statically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prevention is better than cure. Masticatory difficulty has been noted among class III, class II, and class I malocclusions respectively in descending order with class III facing the most difficulty. It has been noted that malocclusion in different scales affected individual’s ability to process and break down food. Early diagnosis and treatment are important. KEY WORDS Malocclusion, OHIP, IOTN, Orthodontic Treatment, Quality of Life.

The frequency of stunting, pallor, zinc, and iron deficiencies serves as evidence that the globe is undergoing a rapid epidemiological and nutritional transition that is characterised by persistent nutritional insufficiencies. Objectives: Our study aimed to observe the association of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, and screen time with obesity in children of our community. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology from 1st September 2019 to 1st March 2020. Participants were healthy children from 5 to 15 years of age. The participants (overweight or obese) and controls were selected from the same population based on BMI. We divided the sedentary activity into less than 4 hours and more than 4 hours. Results: In this study, 53% of children were boys and 47% were girls with a mean age of 7.9 in the non-obese group and 8.9 in the obese group. The majority (75.5%) were age group less than or equal to 10 years. The participants with more sleeping time were 57% less likely to develop obesity (OR: 0.424 with 95% CI of 0.19-0.94, P-value: 0.03) whereas participants with more sedentary activity were 6% more likely to develop obesity (OR:6.38 with 95% CI of 2.49-16.38, P-value: <0.01). Conclusion: This study concluded that sedentary activity is significantly associated with overweight/obesity whereas sleep has negative relation with overweight/obesity making them, a potential risk factor for childhood obesity

Objective:The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of laparotomy versuslaparostomy tube in neonates presented with pneumoperitoneum.