In this letter we have proposed a four-level graphene monolayer system for identifying the topological charge of Laguerre–Gaussian light. Here, we have shown that due to the four-wave mixing mechanism in the monolayer graphene system, a weak signal beam can be generated due to quantum coherence and interference effect. We have discussed the spatially dependent linear absorption spectrums of the weak probe and new generated signal beams via quantum mechanical density matrix formalism. We have found that by numbering the spot areas of the probe and signal beams, one can realize the topological charge of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam interacts by monolayer graphene system. Moreover, we have realized that for some topological charge the new generated signal beam can be amplified in the graphene system.
In this work, the shock wave response of a pore-embedded CuZr metallic glass (PEMG) under different impact velocities (0.5–1.5 km/s) and initial temperatures (300–600 K) was evaluated through the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results indicated that the nucleation and growth of nanoscale shear events around the pore were the dominant mechanisms for plastic deformation under the shock wave. It was also found that the increase in the impact velocity led to the filling of pore, which was due to the structural softening and the local temperature increment in the vicinity of pore. Moreover, the spall event originated from the formation and coalescence of tension transformation zones, leading to the formation of nanovoids in the system. At higher velocities, the spallation was accompanied with the formation of more nanovoids with smaller sizes, inducing the brittle failure in the system. The MD outcomes also showed that the increase in initial temperature decreased the shock pressure and flow shear stress and led to the smoother spallation in the PEMG.
-aminophosphonate oxadiazoles (5a-m) were prepared in high yields by reacting of 1,3,4-oxadiazole acetohydrazide (3) with Interaction between engineered nanomaterials and plants is important; Because plants have direct contact with water, soil, and therefore the atmosphere, the potential pathway for higher species to encounter these nanomaterials is thru the organic phenomenon that plants form the most ring and source of. the aim of the article, Plant Toxicity and Biotransformation, is to boost our understanding of a number of the interactions of engineered nanomaterials with plants, including their toxicity to plants and biotransformation or biodegradation of nanomaterials within the plant system. Mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity to plants and biological access to nanomaterials aren't yet well understood. it's clear that in these circumstances, further evaluations of the interaction of nanomaterials and plants, likewise because the development of latest methods for characterizing nanomaterials in vivo, are necessary so as to create sustainable use of nanotechnology.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.