The Animal Production and Health section (APH) of the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture at the International Atomic Energy Agency has over the last 58 years provided technical and scientific support to more than 100 countries through co-ordinated research activities and technical co-operation projects in peaceful uses of nuclear technologies. A key component of this support has been the development of irradiated vaccines targeting diseases that are endemic to participating countries. APH laboratories has over the last decade developed new techniques and has put in place a framework that allows researchers from participating member states to develop relevant vaccines targeting local diseases while using irradiation as a tool for improving livestock resources.
Background: Diabetes mainly depends on social determinants of health. Addressing the social determinants, and attitude toward disease management is an important step toward the prognosis, and control of diabetes. The objective of the study was to determine the contributing role of social Determinants in diabetes development and evaluation of diabetes parameters affecting the prognosis and management among the diabetic patients of NESH and RMI. Methods: This was comparative hospital based case control study carried out from the duration of March to December 2016. A total 174 patients, 87 diabetics and 87 non diabetics were included in the study. After taking written consent, a predesigned questionnaire was filled from each patient. Data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. Results: A total 174 study subjects, 87 diabetic (Cases) and non-diabetic (control) each from two different hospitals with equal distribution were included in the study. Out of 174 study subjects 59 (34%) were male and 115 (66%) were female. A significant difference was observed in weight and BMI p<0.05 of these two groups case and control. There found no significant difference among diabetics and non-diabetes in reference to their social determinants like gender p=0.1683, education p=0.4358 and income p= 0.4672, however a significant difference between these two groups were observed in marital status p=0.0001. It was found that significant difference was observed in decrease of vision (p=<0.001) and Ischemic necrosis of toes and finger (p=0.007) among diabetics patients of both hospital. Conclusion: The social determinants (age, gender, area, profession etc), carbohydrate and fat intake were not significantly different between diabetics and non-diabetics group. The significantly higher proportion of diabetic’s patients of rural hospital were found with decrease of vision and ischemic necrosis of toes and fingers educational intervention regarding diabetes management is needed in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy and music therapy in managing dental anxiety and pain among restorative dental patients in Peshawar, Pakistan. Sixty dental patients were selected after strictly following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed consent was taken from the patients and instructed on the study protocols. Two groups were formed. One group had aromatherapy during the dental procedure, and the other had music therapy. The dental anxiety scale revised, present pain intensity and pain severity were used as the measuring tools in the study. SPSS 23 was used for statistical analysis. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for the analysis of the results. The association between pain intensity of dental patients with aromatherapy and music therapy was not significant. The percentage of discomforting pain in patients after aromatherapy was higher than in music therapy, while a higher percentage of patients were completely pain-free after music therapy. The mean rank score of pain severity was higher in a patient who received aromatherapy than music therapy. The difference in the pain severity scores across the therapy groups was statistically significant. The mean rank score of dental anxiety was also statistically significantly different across the therapy groups. The mean rank score of dental anxiety was higher for the patients who received aromatherapy than music therapy. It was concluded that distraction therapy works better to reduce the dental anxiety and pain intensity of dental patients. Furthermore, studies should be conducted to closely evaluate the difference and association of non-pharmacological treatments in this area.
Objective: To assess the inter-rater reliability of dentists regarding assessment of depth of impacted third molars on the Orthopantomograms Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was conducted in College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore in which dentists from four different specialties namely; Oral Pathology, Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial surgery were included as raters. The study was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021. A total of 21 Orthopantomograms were assigned to each rater for assessing the angle of the impacted third molar. The classification for angle of impaction used was Winter`s classificati1. The raters were provided with the OPGs and a proforma for recording their observations. Results: The level of agreement regarding the depth of impacted third molars observed on the Orthopantomograms between rater 1 with rater 2 (κ=.692, p≤0.001) and rater 1 with rater 3 (κ=.639, p≤0.001) was very strong but was moderate with rater 4 (κ=.538, p=0.001). Conclusion: There was an excellent agreement regarding the depth of impacted third molars of rater 1 (Oral and maxillofacial surgeon) with rater 2 (oral pathologist) and rater 3 (Prosthodontist) but a moderate agreement with rater 4 (Endodontist). Keywords: Depth of impaction, Third molars, Inter-rater reliability, Orthopantomograms
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