Purpose The purpose of this paper is to deliver a summary of the influential work regarding value co-creation in the context of social media. Although, research on the role of social media in co-creation and new product development is growing field; the extant literature is still in developing stage, which needs systematization and categorization to comprehend its current stage and previous research. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, existing literature on social media and co-creation was studied. Initially, a citation analysis was conducted of influential papers correlated with the topic to identify three streams of research. Later, thematic analysis was carried out to explore specific themes within these categories. Findings Through citation analysis three research streams namely customer’s co-creation on new product development, firm specific capabilities for knowledge sharing, absorption and processing and new opportunities were identified. Later, total four categories were identified through thematic analysis which contains different sub-themes such as test of theories, proposed theoretical frameworks, lead users characteristics, customer’s motivation and experience regarding co-creation, online communities of customers and open innovation. Research limitations/implications This study also categorizes and systemizes the extant literature exploring role of social media in value co-creation. Such systematic review of the extant literature will help the academicians to understand the previous stream of work and pursue a particular line of enquiry in furthering the understanding of interaction between social media and co-innovation. Practical implications This work is particularly useful for practitioners as more firms are moving the business online. These firms are actively using social media and user-generated content to gain insight into customer’s preferences. By increasing the participation of customers and lead users through online communities, firms can also increase customer’s commitment. Originality/value The paper adds to the extant literature by identifying research streams and themes in the extant literature on the role of social media in value co-creation. Later, these themes are abductively linked to develop a theoretical framework.

A significant proportion of those with eating disorders (EDs) do not respond to first‐line treatments. This systematic review was conducted to identify whether personality disorders (PDs)/traits predict or moderate ED treatment outcomes and whether these outcomes were differentially influenced by ED or PD diagnostic subtypes, or treatment approach. A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. A total of seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) plus four follow‐up studies were reviewed investigating the impact of PD and PD traits on treatment outcomes for EDs. The majority indicated that PD had some impact on treatment outcomes. Outcome measures and time‐point measurements varied across studies. Included studies suggested that bulimia nervosa treatment outcomes were not hindered by co‐morbidity of borderline PD; however, psychiatric impairment remained high at post‐treatment and follow‐up. Cluster C PDs were found to negatively impact treatment outcomes for binge ED and attrition rates for anorexia nervosa. Included studies suggested that interventions that addressed aspects of personality pathology showed greater main effects for ED treatment outcomes. There is an urgent need for future RCTs on ED treatments to include routine measures of core personality features to allow their impacts to be more thoroughly examined and for psychotherapies to be tailored accordingly.

Intergroup contact is key to social cohesion, yet psychological barriers block engagement with diversity even when contact opportunities are abundant. We lack an advanced understanding of contact seeking because intergroup contact is often an independent variable in research, and studies on contact seeking have favoured experimental probing of selected factors or measured only broad behavioural intentions. This research carried out the first ecological tests of a novel multilayer-multivariate framework to contact seeking/avoiding. These tests were centred on a Muslim-led community contact-based initiative with visible support from local authorities following a terrorist attack. Non-Muslim Australian women (N = 1,347) contributed field data on their situated contact motivations, choices, and attendance at an intercultural educational stall; many (N = 559) completed a profiling test battery. Among those who responded to the initiative invite, the rate of taking up the high-salience contact opportunity in this heated setting was high and reflected multiple approach/avoidance motivations. Contact seeking/avoiding was not just allophilia/prejudice; it presented as new typologies of politicized solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage. While intergroup predictors were significant across all profiling analyses, intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors also regularly contributed to explain variance in non-Muslims' contact motivations and choices, confirming their multilayer-multivariate nature.

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Madam, A recent retrospective cohort study found that 3069 patients of Asian, Black, and Hispanic racial origin were associated with lower average oxygen delivery rates than white patients using the pulse oximeter in the intensive care unit.[1] It is well known that these readings are affected by skin melanin pigmentation, which affects light absorption and scattering, resulting in unreliable readings in non-white patients.[1] This can increase the risk of hidden hypoxemia, which is established as falsely elevated SpO2 readings, usually 92% or greater when the blood haemoglobin oxygen saturation is < 88%.[2] This, in turn, is associated with higher mortality rates.[2] The Pakistani population has a variety of skin tones making this a concerning matter for people of all age groups. According to data analyzed from 18 different hypoxemic studies over the last three years which included studies analyzing the performance of pulse oximeter brands, employing both transmission and reflectance, with 3 sensor types (reusable finger clip, disposable adhesive finger, disposable adhesive forehead) found a slight positive bias in readings on skin with darker pigmentation.[3] The current ongoing situation with COVID-19 makes it even more important to investigate the matter of the pulse oximeter’s performance. A retrospective study on 117 COVID-19 patients found that those with increased fibrinogen, increased ferritin and decreased lymphocyte count were risk factors for those with significant difference (>4%) in  SpO2 and SaO2 suggesting that the pulse oximeter alone isn't enough to accurately and precisely assess COVID-19 patients with those conditions.[4] It is also important to note that the performance of the pulse oximeter devices differ in a clinical vs ideal laboratory setting.[3] During the pandemic in Pakistan, many hospitals and homes have used the pulse oximeter as a reliable portable device without being aware of the discrepancies in the precision of its readings. The Pakistani population should have a pulse oximeter device that works ideally in all settings and on a variety of skin tones to reflect the diversity of its population. The regulatory agencies and leading hospitals in Pakistan should analyse and change their standards for measuring the accuracy and precision of the pulse oximeter on patients with darker pigmentation, especially in low-perfusion and hypoxemic states.[3]