We studied competition between the obligate biotroph Puccinia triticina (designated here as Puccinia) and the facultative saprophyte Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (designated here as Pyrenophora) in older and younger leaves in a set of three host genotypes selected to be resistant to Puccinia only, Pyrenophora only, or neither. Age-related resistance is important for both of these pathogens. The facultative saprophyte Pyrenophora was generally a stronger competitor than the biotrophic Puccinia, even experiencing facilitation from the presence of Puccinia when Pyrenophora had the advantage of earlier inoculation. Both pathogen species produced the most spores when they were introduced before the competing species and more spores when introduced simultaneously compared to after the competitor. The pre-interactive niche of Puccinia was larger than the post-interactive niche and sporulation by Puccinia was substantially reduced in environments in which Pyrenophora had high sporulation rates. The pre-interactive niche of Pyrenophora was similar to the post-interactive niche and Pyrenophora had proportionally lower reductions in sporulation due to interspecific competition in the pre-interactive niche.

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Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased recently in Qatar. Body mass index (BMI) is a predictor of T2D in many populations. However, BMI is based on height and weight measurements and not on body adiposity. Therefore, the utility of BMI for predicting the risk of T2D has been questioned, and visceral adiposity (VAI) appears to be a better predictor of T2D. Objective: This study is aimed to assess the relative effectiveness of visceral adiposity index (VAI) and body adiposity index (BAI), in comparison with body mass index (BMI), for T2D among Qatari adults. Methodology: A random sample of 1103 adult Qatari nationals over 20 years old were included in this study; this data was obtained from the Qatar National Biobank. We performed a multivariate logistic regression to examine the association between VAI, BAI, BMI, and T2D, and computed zscores for VAI, BAI and BMI. Results: VAI z-scores showed the strongest association with the risk of T2D (OR, 1.44; 95% CI: 1.24–1.68) compared with the zscores for BAI (OR, 1.15; 95% CI: 0.93–1.43) and BMI (OR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.11–1.59). Subgroup analyses indicated that the association was stronger between VAI and T2D in Qatari women than in men. Conclusion: VAI was a strong and independent predictor of T2D among the Qatari adult population. Therefore, VAI could be a useful tool for predicting the risk of T2D among Qatari adults.

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