Objective:To determine the current frequency and pattern of distribution of congenital heart defects (CHD) at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), with the age at which initial diagnosis of CHD was made and the age at which the participant first visited the study center.Methods:This is a descriptive and prospective hospital based study conducted in the pediatric cardiology unit outpatient department of NICVD. This study included all the patients, irrespective of age, having confirmed diagnosis of CHD on the basis of echocardiographic report. The collected data was entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences v 20.0.Results:Out of 1100 cases of congenital heart defects 1003 could be analyzed. There are 565 males (56.3%) and 438 females (43.6%). Total 609 cases (60.6%) were of simple acyanotic lesions and 387 (38.6%) were complex cyanotic lesions. In simple lesions septal defects constitute 64.9% and obstructive lesions were 11.0%. Tetralogy of fallot(TOF) was the commonest CHD and cyanotic lesion accounted for 24.4% of the total 1003 cases followed by Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 21.5%, Atrial septal defect (ASD) 9.3% and Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 8.6%. Pulmonary stenosis(PS) was the most common obstructive lesion making 3.1% of the CHD. In 147 (14.5%) cases combination of simple defects were encountered and the commonest combination was ASD with VSD in 34 cases.Conclusion:Congenital Heart Defects are very common in our setup and early detection of CHD is increasing. Overall burden of CHD is also increasing therefore a proper population based study on a large scale is needed to estimate the prevalence accurately.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis 1) Fertilitas wanita pasangan usia subur yang bekerja di sektor formal dan wanita pasangan usia subur yang bekerja di sektor informal di Desa Pandanlandung Kabupaten Malang 2) Perbedaan fertilitas antara wanita pasangan usia subur yang bekerja di sektor formal dan wanita pasangan usia subur yang bekerja di sektor informal di Desa Pandanlandung Kabupaten Malang. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis statistik dengan menggunakan Softwere SPSS versi 21.00 dan didapatkan hasil 1) Rata-rata fertilitas antara responden yang bekerja di sektor formal dengan responden yang bekerja di sektor informal tersebut relatif sama, 2) hasil penelitian terhadap fertilitas antara responden yang bekerja di sektor formal dengan responden yang bekerja di sektor informal di Desa Pandanlandung tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan.
The role of autophagy in lung cancer cells exposed to waterpipe smoke (WPS) is not known. Because of the important role of autophagy in tumor resistance and progression, we investigated its relationship with WP smoking. We first showed that WPS activated autophagy, as reflected by LC3 processing, in lung cancer cell lines. The autophagy response in smokers with lung adenocarcinoma, as compared to non-smokers with lung adenocarcinoma, was investigated further using the TCGA lung adenocarcinoma bulk RNA-seq dataset with the available patient metadata on smoking status. The results, based on a machine learning classification model using Random Forest, indicate that smokers have an increase in autophagy-activating genes. Comparative analysis of lung adenocarcinoma molecular signatures in affected patients with a long-term active exposure to smoke compared to non-smoker patients indicates a higher tumor mutational burden, a higher CD8+ T-cell level and a lower dysfunction level in smokers. While the expression of the checkpoint genes tested—PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 and CTLA-4—remains unchanged between smokers and non-smokers, B7-1, B7-2, IDO1 and CD200R1 were found to be higher in non-smokers than smokers. Because multiple factors in the tumor microenvironment dictate the success of immunotherapy, in addition to the expression of immune checkpoint genes, our analysis explains why patients who are smokers with lung adenocarcinoma respond better to immunotherapy, even though there are no relative differences in immune checkpoint genes in the two groups. Therefore, targeting autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma patients, in combination with checkpoint inhibitor-targeted therapies or chemotherapy, should be considered in smoker patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
This study examines the push and pull factors of Atambua migrants in Malang City in the period 1985-2020. This study uses a migration approach that is viewed from two main factors, namely: (i) the push factor from the area of origin; and (ii) the pull factor owned by the destination area. The research location is Malang City as one of the centers of economic activity in East Java. The method used is descriptive narrative, where the data collection uses a questionnaire instrument. This study found that Atambua migrants chose Malang City because of their family and government support, because the majority of Atambua migrants moved to Malang City as a background to pursue higher education. From the driving side, the Atambua area in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) still has various infrastructure limitations, especially the lack of educational facilities. This finding strengthens the proposition that the existence of basic infrastructure such as educational facilities is one of the strong driving factors in increasing the attractiveness of population migration.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki perilaku kebijakan moneter di Indonesia,melalui variabel kredibilitas Bank Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Bank Sentral Indonesiakarena data sekunder diambil dari Bank Sentral Indonesia, dengan sebagian diperoleh dari BiroPusat Statistik (BPS), dan World Economic Outlook IMF (Dana Moneter Internasional). Datayang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah sekunder, yang diterbitkan secara resmi oleh BankSentral Indonesia, Dana Moneter Internasional (IMF), dan Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS), dari 2007hingga 2017. Metode estimasi Three Stage Least Squares (3SLS) digunakan dalam penelitian ini.Model (baik inflasi dan persamaan kredibilitas) memberikan bukti yang menunjukkan bahwamemang ada tendensi sifat forward looking pada kebijakan moneter di Indonesia, dilihat darikredibilitas bank Indonesia yang terproyeksi dari ekspektasi inflasi. Ini menunjukkan bahwaperilaku masyarakat Indonesia terhadap kebijakan moneter berdasarkan ekspektasi di masa depan,bukan di masa lalu (backward looking).
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