The Bahçecik travertines, located in Gümüşhane (NE-Turkey) have been investigated for 2 the first time using a multi-disciplinary approach, which included sedimentological 3 (lithofacies, depositional system), petrographic, radiometric Th dating, geochemical analysis (stable isotopes), palynomorphs and geophysics (GPR). A carbonate build-up, 5 12 meter thick, was formed with some interruptions, through the middle Pleistocene 6 period. For this study, two travertine sections (F and D) were extensively used to figure 7 out palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies. The main precipitation cycles, 8 separated by palaeosol levels, have been described and interpreted from a 9 sedimentological perspective. Lithotypes of the carbonate deposits consist of shrubs, crystalline crust, reed, laminated (micritic), pisoids, oncoids, calcite thin rafts and coated gas bubbles, lithoclasts, and palaeosol levels. The sedimentological fieldwork and petrographic analysis show that the Bahçecik travertines formed in depression depositional and slope depositional systems. Moreover, the first 230 Th ages, stable isotopic results and palynofloral data in this study, prove that the Bahçecik travertines might have been affected by climatic and tectonic interruptions. According to dating results, the travertine occurrences began to precipitate during the 353 ka (MIS 9) interglacial period and continued into the 263 ka (MIS 8) glacial period. Based on the palynological data, an abundance of herbaceous plants species was recorded in the warming period of climate during the Marine Isotopic Stages (MISs 9 and 8). The thickness ranges from 2 to 12 meters of the Bahçecik travertines. This precise thickness and also the presence of two different travertine formations, separated by a palaeosol erosional surface, were recorded by the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) geophysical method.
