This study was carried out to determine the protective effects of lithium borate (LTB) on blood parameters and histopathological findings in experimentally induced acute cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats were used, weighing 200-220 g, and they were randomly divided into four groups, including one control and the following three experimental groups: a Cd group (0.025 mmol/kg), a LTB group (15 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days), and a LTB + Cd group (15 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days and Cd 0.025 mmol/kg by intraperitoneal injection on the fifth day). All the rats in the study were anesthetized with ketamine at the end of the sixth day, blood was taken from their hearts, and then the rats were decapitated. The values in the control and LTB group were usually close to each other. White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil %, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels increased in the Cd and LTB + Cd groups while lymphocyte and monocyte levels decreased in a statistically significant manner, in comparison to the other groups. It was determined that the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (Htc), and hemoglobin (Hb) did not change in the groups. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the Cd and LTB + Cd groups significantly increased, in comparison to the other groups, while the glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), and total protein (TP) levels decreased. According to histopathological findings in the control and LTB groups, the liver and kidney tissues were found to have normal histological structures. In the Cd group, severe necrotic hemorrhagic hepatitis, mild steatosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration were detected in the liver. In the LTB + Cd group, degeneration and mild mononuclear cell infiltration were found in the liver. Regarding the kidney tissue in the Cd group, severe intertubular hyperemia in both kidney cortex and medulla, as well as degeneration and necrosis in the tubulus epithelium, was observed. In the LTB + Cd group, mild interstitial hyperemia and mononuclear cell infiltration was detected. Resultantly, it can be said that LTB at this dose has non-toxic effects and some beneficial effects for liver and kidney damage caused by acute Cd toxicity.

ÖzetSunulan çalışmada Bitlis yöresinde geleneksel olarak üretilen gezo pekmezinin bazı kimyasal özellikleri incelendi. Çalışmada 6 farklı üreticiden alınan 6 adet gezo pekmezi örneği kullanıldı. The Evaluation of Some Chemical Properties of Gezo Molasses Traditionally Produced In Bitlis City AbstractIn the present study, some chemical features of gezo molasses produced in Bitlis city were investigated. In the work, 6 molasses samples were collected from 6 different producers. The chemical properties were dedected as follow; pH 5.23, total ash %0.86, total acid 38.7, total amount of sugar %20.01, amount of invert sugar %9.82, amount of saccharose %9.68 and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 12.67 (mg/kg). In addition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Antioxidant activity of gezo molasses was %13.8. Antimicrobial activity assased against Staphlococcus aureus (ATCC 33862), Burkholderia cepacia (ATCC 25608), Enterococcusf aecalis (ATCC 29212), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). Gezo molasses exhibited antibiotic effect on Streptococcus pyogenes.

Boron compounds have an ability of supporting antioxidant properties in human and animal tissues. Lithium metaborate dihydrate (LiBO 2-2H 2 O; LMD) is commonly used in nonlinear optic materials, cellular phones and pagers. But, there are limited data on the genotoxic and antioxidant effects of LMD in cultured human whole blood cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the genotoxicity and antioxidant/oxidant activity of LMD on human whole blood lymphocytes (n = 5). LMD was applied at various concentrations (0-1,280 lg/ml) to cultured blood samples. Antioxidant/oxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity levels. Micronuclei and chromosomal aberration tests were used in genotoxicity studies. Our results clearly revealed that all tested concentrations of LMD were found to be non-genotoxic when compared to that of the control group. In addition, LMD exhibited antioxidant activities at low concentrations. In addition the TOS levels were not changed at all concentrations of LMD. Consequently, our results clearly demonstrated that LMD is non-genotoxic and it has an important antioxidant potential in vitro.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant effects boric acid and CoQ10 has on pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin induced rats. 32 wistar albino male rats were used in this study. The rats were categorised in four groups; a control group (only given normal saline), a bleomycin (BLM) group, a BLM + boric acid group, and a BLM + boric acid + CoQ10. The study period was adjusted to 30 days. Retinol, vitamin E, vitamin D, catalase, carbonic anhydrase, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, and total bilirubin levels were measured at the end of the study. There was a significant increase in the vitamin E levels of all groups (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant increase in the glucose level of all groups (P<0.001). There were significant decreases in albumin and total protein levels of all groups. While the significance level of the decrease in the albumin level was p<0.001, the significance level of the decrease in the total protein level was p<0.05. There was no significant difference in other biochemical parameters.

Objective: Boron shows antioxidant properties with an unknown mechanism. It was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potentials and genotoxic risk of ammonium tetra borate on human whole blood cultures for the first time in the extent of this study (n=4). Material and Methods:Ammonium tetra borate was administrated at concentrations between 1.25-1280 µg/ml to cultured blood samples. The micronuclei and chromosomal aberration tests were performed to determine genotoxic effect. In addition, total antioxidant capacity and total oxidative stress levels were measured as biochemical parameters. Results:Our results clearly provided that the all tested concentrations of ammonium tetra borate were notmutagenic. Moreover, ammonium tetra borate showed antioxidant activities at low concentrations and the total oxidative stress levels were not changed at all the concentrations of ammonium tetra borate. Conclusion:Our data's, clearly indicated that ammonium tetra borate is not mutagenic and it has remarkable antioxidant potential in vitro.

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Centaurea species of Asteraceae family are widely use in traditional medicine. Despite wide medicinal use of Centaurea sp., there is limited knowledge concerning Centaurea behen toxicity. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to determine cytotoxic and oxidative effects of essential oil of C. behen on human blood cell cultures. 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays were performed to determine cytotoxic effects. In addition, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative status (TOS) were examined to determine oxidative potentials. The results indicated that all tested concentrations of essential oil of C. behen were cytotoxic and led to decreases of cell viability in both assays. Besides, C. behen led to significant increases of TOS levels and decreases of TAC levels. As a conclusion, the present study showed for the first time the cytotoxic and oxidant effects of essential oil of C. behen on cultured human whole blood cells.

Introduction Cd, a highly toxic heavy metal, and Cadmium (Cd) compounds are extremely common in nature. Although Cd does not exhibit a well-known physiological role in higher organisms, it exhibits carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. It is a first-class carcinogen, and all its doses are toxic (