A crude preparation of horseradish roots was used as a low-purity source of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in dye decolorization experiments. The technical feasibility of the process was studied in bench scale for enzymatic removal of acid orange 7 (AO7), a synthetic dye. Further studies were carried out to understand the effects of process parameters such as pH value, H(2)O(2) level, concentrations of the synthetic dye, and HRP during enzyme-mediated dye degradation. Experimental data revealed that the concentration of AO7, pH of the aqueous phase, amount of the enzyme, and H(2)O(2) level played significant roles on the overall enzymatic reaction. Polyethylene glycol, as an anti-inactivation of HRP, in various concentrations showed no significant effect on the decolorization. The experimental data of initial reaction rates were fitted using an analytical equation proposed by Michaelis-Menten. The acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna exhibited that the enzymatic treatment significantly decreased the toxicity of the dye solution.
The objective of this study was to identify the components, composition, generation rate and management of dental waste in Urmia, Iran. Fifteen dental centers including eight general dental offices, five specialist dental offices and two dental clinics were selected and two samples were taken from each office. Then, the wastes were manually separated in 31 components and weighted. The results showed that total dental waste generation in all general dental offices, specialist dental offices and dental clinics were 58.94, 17.92 and 10.22 kg/day, respectively. Domestic, potentially infectious, toxic and chemical and pharmaceutical waste also constituted 35.46, 34.24, 11.83 and 5.56 % of total waste, respectively. Only 11 components including blood-contaminated paper towel, salivacontaminated paper towel, saliva-contaminated cotton, extracted teeth, blood-contaminated gauze, inseparable components, nylon glove, tongue blade, latex glove, saliva ejector and blood-contaminated cotton constituted more than 80 % of total infectious waste generation. There was no management program (waste minimization, separation, reuse and recycling) in the dental offices. Source reduction, separation, reuse and recycling activities should be conducted to decrease the hazards of dental wastes. It is also suggested that each fraction of dental waste should be separately collected and disposed in the accordance with its related criteria.
BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitroxin biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the growth, yield, and essential oil composition of dill. The experiment was conducted under field condition in randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors.ResultsThe first factor was the concentrations of nitroxin biofertilizer (0%, 50%, and 100%) of the recommended amount (1 l of biological fertilizer for 30 kg of seed). The second factor was the following chemical fertilizer treatments: no fertilizer (control) and 50 and 100 kg ha−1 urea along with 300 kg ha−1 ammonium phosphate. Different characteristics such as plant height, number of umbel per plant, number of umbellet per umbel, number of grain per umbellet, 1,000 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, and oil percentage were recorded. According to the results, the highest height, biological yield, and grain yield components (except harvest index) were obtained on biological fertilizer. The results showed the highest essential oil content detected in biological fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Identification of essential oil composition showed that the content of carvone increased with the application of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers. The results indicated that the application of biofertilizers enhanced yield and other plant criteria in this plant.ConclusionsGenerally, it seems that the use of biofertilizers or combinations of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer could improve dill performance in addition to reduction of environmental pollution.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) expresses a multifunctional papain-like proteinase (PLpro), which mediates the processing of the viral replicase polyprotein. Inhibition of PLpro has been shown to suppress the viral replication. This study aimed to explore new anti-PLpro candidates by applying virtual screening based on GRL0617, a known PLpro inhibitor of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The three-dimensional (3D) structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro was built by homology modeling, using SARS-CoV PLpro as the template. The model was refined and studied through molecular dynamic simulation. AutoDock Vina was then used to perform virtual screening where 50 chemicals with at least 65% similarity to GRL0617 were docked with the optimized SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. In this screening, 5-(aminomethyl)-2-methyl- N -[(1 R )-1-naphthalen-1-ylethyl]benzamide outperformed GRL0617 in terms of binding affinity (−9.7 kcal/mol). Furthermore, 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-nitro-1 H -isoindole-1,3(2 H )-dione (previously introduced as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2), 3-nitro- N -[(1r)-1-phenylethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (inhibitor against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ), as well as the recently introduced SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitor 5-acetamido-2-methyl- N -[(1 S )-1-naphthalen-1-ylethyl]benzamide showed promising affinity for the viral proteinase. All of the identified compounds demonstrated an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile. In conclusion, our findings represent rediscovery of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, or antiviral drugs as promising pharmaceutical candidates against the ongoing coronavirus.
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