Summary Background The frequent recurrence of early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is generally attributable to metastatic disease undetected at complete resection. Management of such patients depends on prognostic staging to identify the individuals most likely to have occult disease. We aimed to develop and validate a practical, reliable assay that improves risk stratification compared with conventional staging. Methods A 14-gene expression assay that uses quantitative PCR, runs on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples, and differentiates patients with heterogeneous statistical prognoses was developed in a cohort of 361 patients with non-squamous NSCLC resected at the University of California, San Francisco. The assay was then independently validated by the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research in a masked cohort of 433 patients with stage I non-squamous NSCLC resected at Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals, and on a cohort of 1006 patients with stage I–III non-squamous NSCLC resected in several leading Chinese cancer centres that are part of the China Clinical Trials Consortium (CCTC). Findings Kaplan-Meier analysis of the Kaiser validation cohort showed 5 year overall survival of 71·4% (95% CI 60·5–80·0) in low-risk, 58·3% (48·9–66·6) in intermediate-risk, and 49·2% (42·2–55·8) in high-risk patients (ptrend=0·0003). Similar analysis of the CCTC cohort indicated 5 year overall survivals of 74·1% (66·0–80·6) in low-risk, 57·4% (48·3–65·5) in intermediate-risk, and 44·6% (40·2–48·9) in high-risk patients (ptrend<0·0001). Multivariate analysis in both cohorts indicated that no standard clinical risk factors could account for, or provide, the prognostic information derived from tumour gene expression. The assay improved prognostic accuracy beyond National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria for stage I high-risk tumours (p<0·0001), and differentiated low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk patients within all disease stages. Interpretation Our practical, quantitative-PCR-based assay reliably identified patients with early-stage non-squamous NSCLC at high risk for mortality after surgical resection. Funding UCSF Thoracic Oncology Laboratory and Pinpoint Genomics.

A molecular assay prognostic of survival in resected nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer designed to meet the need for improved risk stratification in early-stage disease has recently been described. This assay measures the expression levels of 14 genes using RNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The assay underwent blinded clinical validation in 2 large international cohorts involving approximately 1500 patients; the analytical precision and reproducibility of this assay, however, have not yet been reported. For each of the 14 TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer and probe sets used in the molecular prognostic assay, the linear range, PCR efficiency, limits of blank, limits of quantitation, and quantitative bias were determined using serial dilutions of pooled RNA extracted from FFPE samples. The reproducibility of the entire molecular assay was determined by performing repeat testing of FFPE samples over multiple days. The linear range of individual quantitative TaqMan PCR primer and probe sets was between 2(10)- and 2(15)-fold input RNA. The median C(T) of the quantitative PCR primer and probe sets at 10 ng of input RNA was 24.3; the median efficiency was 91.2%. The median quantitative bias across all quantitative PCR primer and probe sets was 0.75% (range, 0.32% to 1.32%). In repeat testing, the mean SD of the risk score (scaled from 1 to 100) was 2.18, with a mean coefficient of variation of 0.08. The molecular prognostic assay presented in this study demonstrates high precision and reproducibility, validating its clinical utility as a reliable prognostic tool that can contribute to the management of patients with early-stage disease.

Corneal transplantation is the most commonly performed tissue transplant boasting over a century of history, science, and tradition. While favorable outcomes have been reported after penetrating keratoplasty, rejection remains a major cause of graft failure. The long-term survival rates of this relatively immunologically privileged tissue are only just comparable to those of vascularized organs. While corticosteroids treatment remains the gold standard for postoperative immunomodulation, other agents have been utilized in an ongoing effort to improve graft survival and patient outcomes. One of the most promising immunomodulatory substances whose immunosuppressive effect has revolutionized solid organ transplantation is cyclosporine (CsA). A calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporine has been used as an immunosuppressive agent in corneal transplantation since the 1980's. Although some studies have shown beneficial effects of cyclosporine in both low- and high-risk corneal transplant patients the use of cyclosporine in rejection prophylaxis and treatment remain controversial and disputable. We herein present a literature review on the role of systemic cyclosporine in corneal transplantation.

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Background: Dysphagia is a frequent complication defined as difficulty in any stage of swallowing. Infants with a history of mechanical ventilation might show difficulty in coordinating pharyngeal muscles resulting in dysphagia. Objectives: The present study aimed to show the prevalence of swallowing disorders and associated symptoms among high-risk infants with a history of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Breastfeeding Research Center, Tehran, Iran. All the neonates with a history of prolonged mechanical ventilation entered the study. Parents were asked to respond to a provided questionnaire regarding their infants’ swallowing disorders. Accordingly, the infants with any symptoms were considered candidates for intervention. The parents also received simple training to perform oral sensorimotor stimulation protocol for their children. Through a follow-up visit, the questionnaire was filled up for every infant. Finally, all the data related to the responses before and after interventions were compared to show the possible effects of the interventions. Results: A total of 25 infants entered the study. The mean mechanical ventilation period was 15.95 ± 6.644 days. Concerning the frequency of swallowing complications, 24 infants (96%) had different degrees of dysphagia. After 3 - 6 months of interventions, the number of cases with symptoms of coughing (P = 0.016), spitting food out by mouth (P = 0.0001), choking (P = 0.016), humid breath (P = 0.031), poor weight gain (P = 0.002), and the need to cut food into small pieces (P = 0.004) was significantly lower than the number of cases suffering from such complications before the intervention. The results also showed that after 3 - 6 months of interventions, dysphagia symptoms in 10 out of 24 infants (41.66%) entirely and in others (38.44%) partially improved. Conclusions: The results of the present study delineated that infants with a history of prolonged mechanical ventilation were at greater risk of swallowing complications. The early diagnosis and implementation of oral sensorimotor interventions could improve different symptoms of dysphagia.