Purpose: The effectiveness of an Internet-based guided self-help cognitivebehavioral therapy (I-GSH-CBT) was assessed in alleviating childbirth fear (CBF), depression, anxiety, and stress of pregnant women during the first delivery. Design and Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, pregnant women in the intervention group used the I-GSH-CBT program during pregnancy. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 42-item (DASS-42) questionnaires were used to collect the psychometric data. Findings: Implementing the I-GSH-CBT significantly reduced CBF, DASS-42 scores, and cesarean section preference.

PurposeTo investigate the effects of religious fasting during the month of Ramadan on intraocular pressure (IOP), refractive error, corneal tomography and biomechanics, ocular biometry, and tear film layer properties.MethodsThis prospective study was carried out one week before and in the last week of Ramadan. Ninety-four eyes of 94 healthy adult volunteers (54 males and 40 females) with a mean ± SD age of 35.12 ± 9.07 were enrolled in this study. Patients with any systemic disorder, ocular disease, or a history of previous surgery were excluded. Corneal tomography and biomechanics, ocular biometry, IOP, refractive error, and tear break up time (TBUT) were evaluated in non-fasting and fasting periods by the Pentacam (Oculus), Corvis ST (Oculus), IOL Master (Carl Zeiss), computerized tonometer (Topcon CT-1/CT-1P), auto kerato-refractometer (Topcon KR-1), and Keratograph 5M (Oculus), respectively.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the central corneal thickness (CCT) between the study groups (P = 0.123) using the Pentacam while the Corvis ST showed a significant difference in all participants (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the peak distance (distance of the two surrounding peaks of the cornea at the highest concavity) of male and female participants showed a significant difference between the fasting and non-fasting groups (P = 0.002). The anterior chamber depth (ACD) using the Pentacam decreased in the male group (P = 0.004) in the fasting period. During the fasting period, computerized tonometer showed a decrease in IOP only in males in comparison to the non-fasting group (P = 0.018) while the Corvis ST showed decreased IOP in all participants (P < 0.0001). The steep keratometry (K2) in the corneal posterior surface appeared to be different in males between the study groups (P = 0.034). We were unable to show any significant difference in other ocular parameters between fasting and non-fasting periods.ConclusionThis study showed that ACD, IOP, CCT, and peak distance were different between fasting and non-fasting groups while no difference was observed in other ocular parameters. Interpretations of these significant differences should be considered in the clinical setting.