Background:Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy are amongst the most common complaints that effects on both the physical and mental conditions of the pregnant women. Due to the increasing tendency of women to use herbal medications during pregnancy, the effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy was investigated in this study.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.Materials and Methods:This was a randomized clinical trial in which 100 pregnant women with nausea and vomiting who had eligibility criteria were randomly divided into intervention and control groups based on four- and six-random block sampling method. Lemon essential oil and placebo were given to the intervention and control groups, respectively, to inhale it as soon as they felt nausea. The nausea, vomiting, and retch intensity were investigated 24 hours before and during the four days of treatment by means of PUQE-24 (24-hour Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis).Results:There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the mean scores of nausea and vomiting on the second and fourth days (P = 0.017 and P = 0.039, respectively). The means of nausea and vomiting intensity in the second and fourth days in the intervention group were significantly lower than the control group. In addition, in intragroup comparison with ANOVA with repeated measures, the nausea and vomiting mean in the five intervals, showed a statistically significant difference in each group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.049, respectively).Conclusions:Lemon scent can be effective in reducing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the fifth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In developing countries, early diagnosis of breast cancer through available screening methods is the main strategy to reduce mortality. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the barriers to breast cancer screening methods in nursing and midwifery personnel of hospitals of Birjand, Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 202 female nursing and midwifery personnel working in hospitals of Birjand (lasted from July 2015 to September 2015) were selected using the stratified sampling method. The barriers to breast self-examination and clinical breast examination were investigated using a researcher-made questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the SPSS software (V. 16) using descriptive statistic and chi-square test. P values of < 0.05 were considered significant. Results:The results showed that only 11.3% (N = 16) of the participants, who performed breast self-examination, did it on a monthly basis. Intervals between CBE performance in 35.5% of women was 5 or more than 5 years. The main barriers to breast self-examination and clinical breast examination in women were, respectively, lack of time, negligence, lack of symptoms of breast cancer, fear of potential surgery for cancer, and fear of losing beauty. There was a significant association between age, marital status, educational field of study, tenure, and BSE. History of having a child increases performance of CBE yet results also showed that females, who had a history of benign breast diseases, were less prone to perform CBE. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it seems that interventions, such as changes in psychological and educational programs, to increase the performance and knowledge and create a positive attitude towards these methods in females are needed.

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Aim To determine the relationship between self‐concept and coping styles in patients with heart failure in an Iranian population. Design This study had a correlational design. Methods In this study, 100 HF patients hospitalized in the CCU and cardiac ward of Vali‐Asr Hospital of Birjand, Iran were selected by convenience sampling method. Two validated and reliable questionnaires including Cognitive Perception of Self‐Concept and the Coping Styles questionnaires were completed by each patient. Results There were significant associations between emotion‐oriented and threat to self‐concept in total and physical sensation and self‐consistency dimensions. Also, a significant association was observed between avoidance‐oriented and threat to self‐concept in total and body sensation dimension (p < .05). There was no significant association between the problem‐oriented component and the threat to self‐concept in total and none of its dimensions. The challenge to self‐concept and its dimensions were not significantly related to any component of coping styles.