Background and Study Aim : Modelling in observational learning and feedback are most important sources of information for learning of a new task. This study aimed to investigate the effect of model’s skill level and feedback frequency on learning of complex serial aiming task. Material and Method: 48 female students aged 19 to 25 years old were selected as sample; based on pre-test scores, they were divided into four groups of 12 subjects: expert model and 100% feedback, expert model and 50% feedback, novice model and 100% feedback, and novice model and 50% feedback). In acquisition phase, the groups performed 80 times the serial aiming task according to specific instructions. The immediate retention test was conducted 15 minutes after completion of acquisition phase and the delayed retention test was conducted 24 hours later. Results: In acquisition stage, the results of analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the expert model observation group had less spatial error and longer movement time. In immediate and delayed retention stages, the results of two-way analysis of variance showed that the expert model observation group had less spatial error and longer movement time. In delayed retention test, also, the main effect of feedback frequency on spatial error was significant. The 100% feedback group had less spatial error than 50% feedback group. Conclusion: According to Fitz’s speed-accuracy trade-off law, the results are justified as following: since the expert model observers focus on error reduction and increased accuracy in executing complex tasks, their movement time gets longer. Also, the 100% feedback frequency in complex tasks leads to stronger memory consolidation.
Background: In recent years, coaches and athletes have increasingly used observation as a tool for teaching and learning sports skills. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of modeling, using internal and external attentional focus strategies, on the acquisition and retention of free throw shooting in basketball. Methods: Forty-five female beginner basketball players (aged 21.62 ± 3.08 years, with a BMI of 23.48 ± 0.99 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Based on their pre-test scores using the ABBA method, they were divided into three groups: one group received modeling with an internal attention focus strategy, another group received modeling with an external attention focus strategy, and a control group. A video demonstrating the correct throwing technique was used to teach the attention-focusing strategies, and the groups did not receive any physical training. After watching the video, participants performed their own throwing attempts. Following group allocation, the participants entered the acquisition phase, which consisted of six sessions, with each session including two sets of ten attempts and a 2-minute rest period between sets. One-way analysis of variance was used for both immediate and delayed recall tests, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS 20 software.” Results: The study found a significant difference in free throw performance between the three modeling groups (internal attention focus, external attention focus, and control) during both the acquisition and delayed retention stages (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in basketball free throw performance between the three modeling groups during the recall test (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that observational learning, combined with attentional focus strategies, is an effective method for improving skill acquisition and retention in basketball.
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