BackgroundAnxiety is the most common mental disorder in end-stage renal disease patients. The use of aromatherapy as a treatment for anxiety has increased substantially in most countries.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effect of inhaling rose water aromatherapy on anxiety in hemodialysis patients.MethodsThis randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in the hemodialysis ward of Birjand Vali-Asr hospital on 46 patients who were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The standard state-trait anxiety inventory of Spielberger was used to investigate the anxiety level of the samples. The experimental group inhaled rose water for 4 weeks, but the control group did not undergo any intervention. At the end of week 2 and week 4, the participants’ anxiety was measured, and the results were statistically analyzed.ResultsMean scores of state and trait anxiety in the experimental group before intervention were 47/47 ± 7/6 and 49/56 ± 13/8, respectively; those after week 4 following the intervention were reduced to 37/1 ± 6/5 and 42/9 ± 10/1; inhalation of rose water fragrance in the experimental group caused a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the state and trait anxiety levels compared with controls (P = 0.43).ConclusionsAccording to the present study, rose water noticeably reduces the anxiety of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, inhalation of rose water can improve the patient’s emotional and spiritual condition during hemodialysis treatment.
Due to the digestible refractory and absorbable structures of bioactive peptides (BPs), they could induce notable biological impacts on the living organism. In this regard, the current study was devoted to providing an overview regarding the available methods for BPs generation by the aid of a systematic review conducted on the published articles up to April 2019. In this context, the PubMed and Scopus databases were screened to retrieve the related publications. According to the results, although the characterization of BPs mainly has been performed using enzymatic and microbial in‐vitro methods, they cannot be considered as suitable techniques for further stimulation of digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, new approaches for both in‐vivo and in‐silico methods for BPs identification should be developed to overcome the obstacles that belonged to the current methods. The purpose of this review was to compile the recent analytical methods applied for studying various aspects of food‐derived biopeptides, and emphasizing generation at in vitro, in vivo, and in silico.
IntroductionToday, there is a wide range of applications for synthetic plastics. However due to their resistance against natural destruction, nonrenewable sources, and toxic substances generated during their long run degradation in nature, they have become a great environmental problem. 1 Much attention has been paid to bioplastics which have sustainable sources and environmentally friendly elimination. 2 Bioplastics are polymers which are produced as storage materials by different organisms. An important group of biopolymers is called polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) that accumulates in some microorganisms as an energy reservoir. High molecular weight of the natural polyesters in range of 50-1000 kDa has led to properties like chemically synthesized plastics and so resulted in many uses. 3 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a well-known member of PHA family. Ralstonia eutropha (also Alcaligenes eutrophus or Cupriavidus necator) is a model organism for PHB production. 4 Three enzymes conduct the polymer biosynthesis pathway in this bacterium. First step of the pathway is catalyzed by β-ketothiolase which combines two acetyl-CoA molecules to form acetoacetyl-CoA. Reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA to (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA is the next step which is carried out by acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. Finally, polymerization of (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA monomers as the last step occurs in the presence of PHB synthase. These enzymes are encoded by phbA, phbB and phbC genes, respectively. 5,6 Some PHAs such as PHB are produced commercially, but because of high production costs, they cannot yet compete with synthetic plastics. To decrease expenses,
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.