The study investigates the relationship of social-economic factors that affect success of women entrepreneurship in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared for thesample of 240 female entrepreneurs out of 600 females registered with Chamber of CommerceKhyber Pakhtunkhwa. The research instrument was tested for reliability and validity through Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and factor analysis with positive results. Regression analysis modelwas employed to check the degree of association amid predictors of Women entrepreneurship. Theresearch found significant relationship between the social and economic factor in the positiveperformance of women entrepreneurs. Being original in its contents and unique in its nature, theresearch holds lots of academic as well applied significance. The research recommends to improvethe administrative and legal infrastructure in KP to facilitate the successful performance of Womenentrepreneurs. Keywords: Women entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurs performance, social, economic factors,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
PurposeTherefore, this research study investigates the impact of business environment on the performance of the business organizations. (1) To understand the importance the environment in the success of the business entrepreneurship. (2) To explore the environmental factors that can affect the success of business entrepreneurship in Pakistan. (3) To establish relationship between the environmental factors and the sustained organizational performance of business entrepreneurships in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from the person–environment fit (PE fit) and the self-determination theory literature, this survey research study seeks to determine the impact of organizational environment upon sustained organizational economic performance. The main independent variable of the study encompasses its main three dimensions, i.e. leadership capacity, organizational culture and organizational politics. The dependent variable comprises the sustained economic performance of the organization. The research study hypothesized and tested a model in which the organizational environment (organizational culture, organizational politics and leadership) interplays with the organizational sustained performance.FindingsKeeping in view the outcomes of this research work the following implications can be drawn. A leader can yield maximum productivity of employees, if he/she has leadership capacity to provide directions, skilled to minimize the stress level of the employees and able to motivate them in achieving organizational goals. Therefore, capacity of leader to handle difficult situations and develop PE fit is the key to organizational success in current scenario. The study also revealed a positive effect of organizational culture on organizational performance. The culture of the organizations provides an environment of openness to think, share and contribute toward goals of the organization. It enables employees to express themselves, develop person-organization common goals with self-determination. The PE fit provides a platform to feel free, express their feelings and opinions, and contribute in the decision-making process of organizations. The involvement in organizational activities provide a sense of responsibility, ownership and motivation to produce better results for the organizations.Originality/valuePE fit perspective postulates that matching individual psychological needs and environmental supplies (provided by organization and society) generates positive attitudes and behaviors (Tepper et al., 2018). The effect between individuals and their environment is inherently reciprocal rather than a one-way effect (Goetz et al., 2021). The fundamental postulation support that the fit certainly improves performance, commitment and satisfaction of individuals in the context of organizations (De Cooman et al., 2019; Rau vola et al., 2020). Moreover, self-determination theory (SDT) is another perspective that emphasizes the attainment of autonomy, competence and relatedness in employees to outperform (Deci and Ryan, (2010). The self-determination theory revolves around the social-contextual conditions that support or obstruct the integral courses of self-motivation and psychological development, which will contribute toward organizational performance (Nazir et al., 2021).
The descriptive cum correlational research aims to suggest a framework for modification in business process to restore and rebuild, pandemic hard hit, tourism, and hospitality sector. The research premises on the rationale that under the persistent and looming pandemic threat, continued closures, and lockdowns of the tourism destinations with rising unemployment is not the answer to live with. Drawing from the exploratory research, a resilience-based framework model, to restore and rebuild Pakistan tourism and hospitality sector amid pandemic, an instrument was self-developed and validated before its operationalization. After checking the reliability and validity of the instrument through Cronbach's Alpha and exploratory factors analysis, the instrument was administered through mix of physical and online distribution. The sample of 312 respondents, representing variety of stakeholders from tourism and hospitality businesses across favorite destinations, responded through a mix of online and physical survey. The research found an adaptable resilience-based framework model for the restoration and recovery of tourism and hospitality businesses amid pandemics. The model called for placement of health safety features, provision of service quality, technological interventions, and socially responsible imaging of hotels. However, the desired outcomes can only be reached through well-knitted joint response from all the stakeholders including government, community, tourists, and the destination managers. The research argued that the restoration and rebuilding of tourism and hospitality business, is likely to renovate into sustainable tourism capable of kick-starting employment generation, poverty alleviation, society's well-being, and economic growth without compromising people health. Keywords: Tourism and hospitality business, COVID Pandemic, business restoration, transformation of business processes, business resilience.
Asia’s Cockpit, Afghanistan, is not only a strategic neigbour but also share intellectual, geographical, cultural, and diplomatic relations with Pakistan. Pakistan and Afghanistan’s long but porous border has been a source of trade, people interaction, and economic integration. The landlocked Afghanistan seeks an opportunity for trade through Pakistan under the provision of GATT Article V, UN law of Seas 1981 and New York Convention-1965. This study is conducted to examine Pak-Afghan Transit Trade relations over the years. Study is descriptive in nature based on data extracted from published government sources and research papers. Study found that Pak-Afghan signed two transit trade agreements i.e. Afghan Transit Trade Agreement on March 02, 1965 at Kabul and Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement on October 28, 2010 at Islamabad. Under this agreement Pakistan permitted using of territory for trade transit enter from Karachi Port and Port Qasim and exist through Chaman and Torkham. Study found these agreements are bilaterally beneficial, however the research revealed that volume of Afghan transit trade decreased due to the sporadic events of border closures over the years and resultantly Afghanistan seeks transit trade opportunities through Turkmenistan, Iran, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan as per mutually agreed transit trade agreements with them. Afghan’s transit trade shift through other routes has serious implications for Pakistan socio-political and socio-economic interests. Since, peace and prosperity passes through international trade and economic integration therefore, both countries should adopt realistic approach towards each other’s sensitivities and concerns. Afghanistan must take a serious measures in controlling flow of smuggling and terrorism across Afghan land to Pakistan. The research recommends revisiting of the agreement and realign with the obvious opportunities emerging from the CPEC. Afghan should permit and facilitate Pakistan to trade with Central Asia and beyond using Afghan territory. The research further recommends that both countries to ensure that their bilateral relation are not affected by ties with any other country.
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