In this study, determination of resistance to methicilline and vancomycin in staphylococcus strains isolated from cow milk samples with subclinical and clinical mastitis was aimed. One hundred staphylococcus strains were isolated from total 306 quarter milk samples collected from the dairy cattle farms in the city of Burdur. Phenotypic resistance to methicillin and vancomycin was determined by Agar-Disc Diffusion Technique (ADDT) and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for methicillin and vancomycin were determined by Agar Dilution Technique (ADT), according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed for determination of mecA and vanA genes in the strains. The number of strains with both phenotypically and genotypically resistant and susceptible to methicillin were found as 20 and 25, respectively. Ten staphylococcus strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were determined. None of the strains had vanA gene. In conclusion, it is stated that methicillin resistance in staphylococcus strains responsible from mastitis in cattle in Burdur province is high. In terms of vancomycin resistance there is no resistant staphylococcus strains, but presence of strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin should be taken into account.

The present study aims to characterize ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy cattle and sheep in the Burdur province of Turkey. Fecal samples from a total of 200 cattle and 200 sheep were tested and ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 31 (15.5%) cattle and three (1.5%) sheep samples using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's combined disk method. Among the ESBL gene classes detected by PCR, bla CTX-M was the most frequent type, followed by the bla TEM and bla SHV families. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates showed co-resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, phenicols, quinolones, folate pathway inhibitors and tetracyclines. The resistance rates were higher in the cattle isolates than in the sheep isolates. Phylogenetic grouping of the E. coli isolates indicated group A (particularly A 1 ) was the predominant phylogenetic group (19/34, 55.9%), followed by groups B1 (9/34, 26.5%) and D (6/34, 17.6%); none of the isolates belonged to group B2. The study shows that ESBL-producing E. coli isolates exist in the intestinal fl ora of healthy cattle and sheep in the Burdur province of Turkey. This is the fi rst report showing the emergence of CTX-M type ESBL-producing E. coli in sheep farms in Turkey.

Some production parameters of seropositive cows (age, first calving age, 305 day mature equivalent last milk yield production, lifetime mature equivalent milk yield production, lifetime total milk production, lifetime total milking period, lifetime monthly milk production, lifetime daily milk production, lifetime total days of milking, number of inseminations per pregnancy (for last pregnancy), number of calves and calving interval (for last pregnancy)) were analysed in the current study. The study population was clinically healthy Holstein cows from a commercial dairy herd in southern Turkey. Of 109 animals, 65 cows were seropositive by ELISA and the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection was 59.6 %. The prevalence of seropositive cows in 2nd (62.8 %), 3rd (64.7 %), 4th (61.5 %), and 5th (66.6 %) lactations was slightly higher than that of cows in 1st (52.6 %) lactations. No statistical differences were observed between BLV seronegative and seropositive cows for production and reproduction parameters analysed in this study (P > 0.05).

Background: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) is common with high seroprevalence in dairy cattle. It is reported in many countries. Also, BoCV causes diarrhea in dairy calves. The transmission of BoCV is the fecal-oral/aerosol-nasal routes. Feces from clinical cases or clinically normal dairy cattle are source of infection, also contamination of feed and water. The purpose of the current study was to investigate BoCV infection in diarrheic calves (age and sex) and their dams (age). For this reason, the serological and virological methods were used. Haematological parameters of the calves and their dams were compared using the statistical methods.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, following clinical examination of 3500 cattle and their calves from 25 number of dairy farms 184 calves with diarrhoea and their dams (183) (≥2 - ≤6 age) were sampled for BoCV presence by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, all blood samples were examined by hematological methods. 172 (93.99%) cows and 172 (93.99%) calves were found antibodies (Ab) positive (+). The high levels of Ab for BoCV were detected as 36.05 % in dams 6 years and older ages. In the calves, Ab to BoCV were found at the highest level (25.26%) in the female calves ≥5 - ≤6 months ages. BoCV antigen (Ag) was detected in only faecal sample of a (0.54%) calf. When the haematological parameters were compared between BoCV Ab (+) and BoCV Ab negative (-) dams, only white blood cell (WBC) values were found statistically significant (P < 0.05). When the haematological parameters were compared between BoCV Ab (+)/Ag (-) and BoCV Ab (-)/Ag (-) calves, WBC (P < 0.05), lymphocyte (P < 0.01) and granulocyte (P < 0.01) values were found statistically important. When the haematological parameters were compared between BoCV Ab (+)/Ag (+) and BoCV Ab (-)/Ag (-) calves, both lymphocyte and granulocyte values were statistically important (P < 0.01).Discussion: BoCV infection has found worldwide among cattle of all ages. The disease results in major economic losses in dairy herds that result from treatment costs and calf deaths. One hundred seventy two out of 183 mothers whose blood sampling was done were detected as seropositive. Many researchers found similar results in dairy cattle. It was detected the highest seropositivity in cattle more than six years old. One hundred seventy two blood samples out of 184 calves were detected seropositive. Also, the highest seropositivity was detected among of > 5 and < 6 months of age. BoCV Ag (+) presence was detected in only one faecal sample of one calf out of 184. Researchers were found same or higher BoCV Ag(+) rates in faeces of diarrheic calves. In the study lymphocyte counts of seropositive cows and in Ab(+)/Ag(+) calves determined decrease. However, the counts in seropositive calves were increased. Leukocytes levels were also high in seropositive calves. Haematocrit values were decreased in seropositive cows, calves and in Ab(+)/Ag(-) calves. BoCV infections were detected at low level in diarrheic calves. But, BoCV seropositive mature and diarrheic calves were found at high levels. Haematological application methods could be used to be supportive with the serological and virological methods. All farm managements should be maintained with strict hygiene practices. Milking bottle, calf pens or hutches need to be sanitized. The calves must be prevent contamination from faeces and urine of other calves. The protective vaccination must be applied all animals.

The aim of the present study was to describe whether abnormal cervical mucus discharge (A-CMD) or pathogens in cervical mucus discharge (CMD) have effects on reproductive performance of cows and heifers in estrus. Animals having clear discharges (68 cows, 38 heifers) with normal viscosity and without bad odor were grouped as normal cervical mucous discharge (N-CMD) group. The other animals (84 cows, 32 heifers) were grouped as A-CMD group. Microorganisms isolated from samples were divided into three groups as uterine pathogens (UP), potential uterine pathogens (PUP) or opportunistic uterine pathogens (OUP). Presence of PUP was associated with A-CMD for both cows (p<0.01) and heifers (p<0.02). First service conception rates (FS-CR) were lower in cows positive for PUP (p<0.01). Moreover, presence of PUP and OUP affected FS-CR in heifers (p<0.01). Although A-CMD significantly affected FS-CR in cows (p<0.04), it did not affect FS-CR in heifers. Differences in average open day for cows (p<0.02) and first service age for heifers (p<0.01) were significant between N-CMD and A-CMD groups, respectively. The current study suggested that CMD should be evaluated more carefully when there are infertility problems. In addition to the known microorganism that causes sterility and infertility in the UP group, pathogens in the PUP group should be considered for their potential to cause infertility.

In this research, dairy cattle with respiratory system problems that were brought to a private slaughterhouse in Burdur province were investigated for viral and bacterial infections present in the summer season. The blood samples were collected from 56 animals. The samples were tested for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3) and bovine adenovirus 3 (BAV-3) by ELISA. Bacteriological cultivation was carried out from lung samples taken after cutting the same animals. The seropositivity rates which were determined for 5 viruses in cattle (BoHV- 1, BVDV, BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3) were 7.14%, 50%, 94.64%, 94.64% and 82.14% respectively. The presence of antibodies against the viruses was as follows; 5.36% of cattle had antibodies against only one virus, 14.29% against two, 30.36% against three, 44.64% against four and 5.36% against five viruses. A total of 36 bacterial agents were isolated from 30 out of 56 lung samples. From the lung samples, only one bacterium was isolated from 39.3% (22/56) samples, and more than one bacterium from 14.3% (8/56). Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. were detected as the most often isolated agents. Compared to bacteria, the rates of viral infections associated with Escherichia coli (BRSV+BPIV-3+BAV- 3+Escherichia coli; 8.92% and BRSV+BPIV-3+Escherichia coli; 5.35%) were higher. As a consequence, it was thought that primary agents which were the viruses and bacteria may have attended as secondary factors in respiratory tract infections of dairy cattle

In the present study, 3 quarter milk samples from 3 cows showing clinical signs of mastitis were investigated. Three Escherichia coli were isolated and were found resistant to ceftiofur and cefquinome. The isolates were detected as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) ESBL screening test and combined disc method. CTX-M- and TEM-type beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M blaTEM) were detected by polymerase chain reaction in the isolates. Sequencing of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes showed that the isolates were both TEM-1- and CTX-M-15-type beta-lactamase producers. The isolates were tested by agar disc diffusion test for susceptibility to various classes of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, quinolones, phenicols, folate pathway inhibitors, and tetracyclines), and they were determined as multidrug resistant. Therefore, this is the first report indicating the involvement of multidrug-resistant CTX-M-15-type ESBL-producing E. coli as a cause of bovine mastitis in Turkey.

The purpose of this study was to determine the virulence of raptorial Pasteurella multocida for ducks and the effect of various routes of inoculation on virulence. Four-week-old Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were challenged with one of three raptorial isolates (RTHA-2, RTHA-4, or WESO-1) by one of five inoculation routes (intranasal, intraocular, intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous). Ducks were monitored daily for mortality until 2 wk postchallenge. Results indicated that the intravenous route caused the most mortality for all isolates and that significant variation existed in the virulence among the sources of P. multocida, with WESO-1 causing the least mortality of the isolates tested.