Background: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is the sensation of stiffness and pain in the muscles that occurs 24-48 hours after unaccustomed or strenuous exercise. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine and compare the effect of vibration training (VT) on Delayed onset muscle soreness. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy non-athletic volunteers (Female, age 20-30 years, body mass 23.27 ± 0.82 kg) were randomly assigned to VT (n = 10) and non-VT (n = 10) groups. A vibrator was used to apply 50-30 Hz of vibration on the left quadriceps and calf muscles in the VT group, while no vibration was applied for the non-VT group. Then, both groups ran downhill on a -5° treadmill at a speed of 5-7.5 km/hour (increasing speed). Twenty-four-hours before and after the vibration training, serum creatine kinase levels, pressure pain threshold and the rate of edema were measured. Results: Compared with the non VT group, the VT group showed a significant decrease in pressure pain threshold at 15 cm of patellar point (P = 0.042) and calf muscle (P = 0.041), there were no significant differences between groups in the pressure pain threshold at 5 cm (P = 0.509) and 10 cm (P = 0.152) points. There was no significant change in the edema rate at the Gastrocnemius muscle (P = 0.420) and midpoint of quadriceps muscle (P = 0.380) in VT and non-VT groups. Despite the increase in creatine kinase enzymes in the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.173). Conclusions:The results showed that using the vibration training can affect delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) reduction between non-VT and VT groups. Further studies with larger samples are needed to determine the vibration training positive and negative effects.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women throughout the world and the leading cause of cancerrelated deaths in women Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of training on IL-6, TNF-α and hCRP in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.

Background: Physiological stress due to physical activity associated with mental stress can affect the responses of the sympathoadrenal axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise with mental stress on cortisol and alpha-amylase changes in young men. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 20 inactive healthy men were randomly selected and divided into two groups of exercise and exercise with mental stress. The exercise group pedaled on a fixed bike at an intensity of 60% of maximal aerobic power for 37 minutes and the exercise group with mental stress received 20 minutes of mental stress (from 12th minutes to 32nd minutes) during the 37 minutes of pedaling. Salivary samples were collected before and immediately after the end of the exercise. Results: The exercise had a significant effect on increasing salivary cortisol (P = 0.007) and alpha-amylase (P = 0.01). Exercise with mental stress had a significant effect on salivary cortisol (P = 0.004) and alpha-amylase (P = 0.04). The exercise and exercise with mental stress had the same effects on increasing salivary cortisol (P = 0.42) and alpha-amylase (P = 0.83). Conclusions: It seems that exercise and exercise with mental stress have the same effects on increasing salivary cortisol and alphaamylase levels.

Background:The aim was to evaluate effects of 5-week whole body vibration (WBV) training with different amplitudes and progressive frequencies on fibrinolytic/coagulative factors.Materials and Methods:25 subjects were divided randomly in high or low-amplitude vibration, and control groups. Training consisted of 5-week WBV with amplitudes 4 or 2 mm. Plasma samples were analyzed before and after training. Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed ranked test. P <0.05 was considered significant.Results:High-amplitude vibration caused an increase in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (P = 0.028) (pretest: 1744.61 ± 707.95; posttest: 2313.63 ± 997.19 pg/ml), and decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (P = 0.033) (pretest: 97.94 ± 34.37; posttest: 85.12 ± 36.92 ng/ml). Fibrinogen and plasminogen were not changed significantly. Low-amplitude vibration caused an increase in tPA (P = 0.006) (pretest: 2208.18 ± 1280.37; posttest: 3492.72 ± 3549.22 pg/ml). PAI-1, fibrinogen and plasminogen were not changed significantly. There were no significant differences between groups.Conclusion:Amplitude of vibrations in WBV training may affect fibrinolytic factors.

Obesity is often introduced as one of the metabolic disorders caused by imbalance between energy consumption and metabolisable energy intake. Experts in the field considered obesity as one of the robust risk factors for the lifestyle-associated diseases. The present research examined interventional effects of marine chitosan (CS), swimming training (ST) and combination of CS and ST (CS + ST) in the mice fed with high-fat diets (HFD). In this study, sample size was considered more than three in groups. Forty mice were randomly divided into five groups (n 8 per group) including control group (received the standard diet), HFD group (received high-fat food with 20 % fat), HFD + CS group (treated with high-fat food with 5 % CS), HFD + ST group (treated with HFD and ST) and HFD + CS + ST group (treated with high-fat food with 5 % CS and ST). After 8 weeks, the blood glucose, oxidative stress (OS) and lipid profile were measured. The results showed that CS + ST group has more effects in the control of body weight with the increased concentration of HDL-cholesterol, OS inhibition via enhancing the body antioxidant capacity in comparison with the ST or CS alone in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, lipid profile was improved in CS + ST-treated mice compared with HFD-treated mice, and OS inhibition correlated with the greater activities of the antioxidant enzyme enhances the lipid oxidation, cholesterol and fatty acid homoeostasis. The results suggested that a dietary intervention with a combined ST and CS can be a feasible supplementary for human prevention of obesity.

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Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different whole-body vibration (WBV) training amplitudes on left ventricular stroke volume and ejection fraction in healthy young men.Methods:A total of 24 healthy men (age 21.71±1.49 year, height 176.17±6.61 cm, weight 70.73±10.08 kg, BMI 22.36±3.57 kg/m2, and body surface area 1.87±0.13 m2) were divided into two groups: high and low amplitude vibration (n=12). The vibration training consisted of 8 weeks of WBV 3 times a week with amplitudes of 2 or 4 mm and progressive frequencies from 20 Hz with increments of 5 Hz weekly. As outcome measures, left ventricular stroke volume and ejection fraction at baseline and after 8 weeks were evaluated. Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison between groups; Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were used to compare pretest and post-test results in each group. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results:Whole-body vibration training with low amplitude (2 mm) caused an numerically increase in stroke volume (pre-test: 72.42±14.34; posttest: 78.42± 23.19 cm3; p=0.06) and ejection fraction (pre-test: 65.22±3.41; post-test: 67.00±4.18%; p=0.52). So; the increase was not significant. In the high-amplitude (4 mm) group, post-test results were nearly unchanged compared to the pre-test results. No significant difference was evident between groups.Conclusion:The intensity and volume of whole-body vibration training were not enough to affect systolic function.

Background: Coronary artery bypass surgery is a common method for coronary artery disease (CAD) treatment, which in turn activates pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high sensitivity C-reaction protein (hs-CRP). Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks Yoga and cardiac rehabilitation training on IL-6 and hs-CRP after coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: The subjects of this randomized control trial study consist of 20 male patients (40 - 75 years old) who experienced coronary artery bypass surgery. They were randomly assigned in cardiac rehabilitation training group (CRT, n = 10) and combined training group (Yoga-cardiac rehabilitation) (YCRT, n = 10). Plasma levels of IL-6 and hs-CRP were assessed at baseline and end of the study. The CRT group performed cardiac rehabilitation program with 60% - 85% of maximum heart rate for 1 hour three days a week. The YCRT group performed one session in between cardiac rehabilitation and Yoga training for 1 hour three days in a week. All subjects completed training sessions at the cardiac rehabilitation center of Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center in Tehran for 8 weeks. SPSS software was used for analysis. Covariance analysis was used to compare groups (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Despite a small decline in IL-6 (10.90 to 8.77 in CRT group, 9.87 to 9.40 in YCRT group (and hs-CRP (2.58 to 2.00 in CRT group, 3.67 to 3.13 in YCRT group), there weren’t any significant differences in IL-6 (P = 0.160) and hs-CRP (P = 0.234) levels between two groups. Conclusions: It could be proposed to add Yoga training to cardiac rehabilitation program after coronary artery bypass surgery.