Plastic mulch, mainly used in chili cultivation, is less environmentally friendly due to its non-biodegradable characteristic. An alternative biodegradable mulch is needed to support growth and produce a desirable yield. Organic mulch sheet (OMS) is a promising alternative because it is made from natural fiber which is abundant and renewable organic material. This study aimed to understand the effect of organic mulch sheet (OMS) application on the growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annum L.). This research was carried out using a simple randomized complete block design with one control (black-silver plastic mulch) labeled as M0 and seven treatments (OMS compositions namely percentage of water hyacinth and banana stalk) labeled as M1 (80:20), M2 (70:30), M3 (60:40), M4 (50:50), M5 (40:60), M6 (30:70), and M7 (20:80). Mulch application significantly affected growth (plant height and number of leaves) and yield (fruit weight per fruit and fruit length) variables of chili. Although there was no significant difference in fruit weight per plant between control and OMS compositions, OMS application (M4) increased the yield of chili up to 25% from control. This finding affirmed that OMS is suitable for chili cultivation and can be used as a substitute for black-silver plastic mulch.
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have become an important subject of research to increase maize production. The PGPB consortium should provide more benefits than single or dual inoculation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a PGPB consortium on improving maize growth and yield. The field experiment used a split-plot design. The main plot consisted of three maize varieties (Talenta, Pertiwi-3, and Bisma), and the subplot consisted of three formulations of PGPB consortia [endophytic bacteria isolates, <em>Acetobacter</em> sp., cellulolytic, and ligninolytic (F1); endophytic bacteria isolates<em>, </em><em>Azospirillum </em>sp., cellulolytic, and ligninolytic (F2); and endophytic bacteria isolates, cellulolytic, ligninolytic, <em>Acetobacter </em>sp., and <em>Azospirillum </em>sp. (F3)] and one control. PGPB consortia formulation did not influence maize growth significantly, but maize varieties did. Pertiwi-3 showed the highest value in all growth variables, followed by Bisma and Talenta, respectively. The effect of PGPB consortia formulation upon ear fresh and dry weight depends upon the maize variety, and Pertiwi-3 showed the highest value in yield variables. PGPB consortia formulation 2 was the most effective to apply for Pertiwi-3 cultivation, while PGPB consortia formulation 3 produced higher yields for Talenta and Bisma. These findings indicated that specific PGPB formula could improve the yield for specific maize varieties.
The plant nursery is an important cultivation phase to improve the quality of cocoa. However, the conventional nursery container namely polybag has the potential risk to contaminate the environment if the waste is wrongfully handled. A biodegradable pot (BioPot) is a satisfactory alternative nursery container considering its plantable and degradable characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the effect of BioPot compositions and size to support the growth of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedling as polybag substitution. This research was conducted using a randomized complete design with 1 control (polybag) and 15 treatments combination. The treatments consisted of 5 BioPot compositions (percentage of water hyacinth and banana pseudostem range from 30-70%) and 3 BioPot size (width 5,5 cm and length range from 10.5-11.5 cm). The seedling growth data were analyzed using ANOVA then by means using HSD (Tukey test) and Dunnet test at a 5%. The results showed that the several BioPot compositions and size produced equal seedling quality to polybag and not statistically different based on seedling growth variables. This finding confirmed that the all tested BioPot compositions and size in this study, customized and adjusted according to the raw aterials availability, can be used as polybag substitutes for cocoa nurseries. The implication of this study is the use of BioPot for seedling container that support environmentally sustainable agriculture especially in plant nurseries.
One way to overcome these pathogens is to spray plant extract, e.g., purple cleome plant (spider or bee plant -Cleome rutidosperma Linn.) extracts as organic fungicides (Aliyu and Prasad, 2020). Purple Cleome plant extract has a chemical compound, thiogluco-Abstract | One disease that often attacks chili (Capsicum L.) is anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici [(Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby]. In the field, C. capsici is controlled with a chemical fungicide that harms the environment. The purple Cleome plant (Spider plant -Cleome rutidosperma Linn.) can be extracted and function as an organic fungicide for environment-friendly control. This research aimed to examine the type and concentration of purple cleome extract metabolites and understand their effectiveness in inhibiting C. capsici. Purple cleome leaf is extracted with 1:1 w/v absolute methanol and concentrated with 1:1 v/v cold absolute methanol, and then the supernatant is purified using a centrifuge. The metabolic analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and comparing the data with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database to obtain specific metabolites. The inhibition test was done with one control (P0: chemical fungicide) and two-level of treatment, i.e., the concentration of purple Cleome extract (P1: 80 % and P2: 40 %), then ANOVA and HSD test were carried out to find out the best treatment. The purple Cleome leaf extract contained three metabolite compounds as organic fungicides, namely propanoic acid 4.12 %, phenol 8.38 %, and isopropyl myristate 15.86 %. The inhibition test confirmed that 80 % (P2) purple cleome extract could suppress C. capsici attack up to 16.67 %, significantly higher than chemical fungicide (24.4 %).
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