Inflammation is a natural protective mechanism that occurs when the body’s tissue homeostatic mechanisms are disrupted by biotic, physical, or chemical agents. The immune response generates pro-inflammatory mediators, but excessive output, such as chronic inflammation, contributes to many persistent diseases. Some phenolic compounds work in tandem with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators’ activity or gene expression, including cyclooxygenase (COX). Various phenolic compounds can also act on transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) or nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), to up-or downregulate elements within the antioxidant response pathways. Phenolic compounds can inhibit enzymes associated with the development of human diseases and have been used to treat various common human ailments, including hypertension, metabolic problems, incendiary infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. The inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by phenolic compounds has been used to treat hypertension. The inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme represents a type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy, and cholinesterase inhibition has been applied to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Phenolic compounds have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties to treat skin diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Plant extracts and phenolic compounds exert protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation caused by airborne particulate matter, in addition to a range of anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-aging, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Dietary polyphenols have been used to prevent and treat allergy-related diseases. The chemical and biological contributions of phenolic compounds to cardiovascular disease have also been described. This review summarizes the recent progress delineating the multifunctional roles of phenolic compounds, including their anti-inflammatory properties and the molecular pathways through which they exert anti-inflammatory effects on metabolic disorders. This study also discusses current issues and potential prospects for the therapeutic application of phenolic compounds to various human diseases.

Natural products have been known for their antimicrobial factors since time immemorial. Infectious diseases are a worldwide burden that have been deteriorating because of the improvement of species impervious to various anti-infection agents. Hence, the distinguishing proof of antimicrobial specialists with high-power dynamic against MDR microorganisms is central to conquer this issue. Successful treatment of infection involves the improvement of new drugs or some common source of novel medications. Numerous naturally occurring antimicrobial agents can be of plant origin, animal origin, microbial origin, etc. Many plant and animal products have antimicrobial activities due to various active principles, secondary metabolites, or phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, lectins, phagocytic cells, and many other organic constituents. Phytocomplexes’ antimicrobial movement frequently results from a few particles acting in cooperative energy, and the clinical impacts might be because of the direct effects against microorganisms. The restorative plants that may furnish novel medication lead the antimicrobial movement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of the phytocomplexes and natural extracts of the plants that are ordinarily being utilized as conventional medications and then recommended the chance of utilizing them in drugs for the treatment of multiple drug-resistant disease.

Hygrophila erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr. belonging to the Acanthaceae family, is a moisture loving genera and a perennial herb whose seeds are used as a skin-regenerating product. The concentrated ethyl acetate soluble fraction of methanolic extract of this whole plant resulted in a mixture of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and 4-methoxycinnamic acid, another mixture of two ester derivatives: methyl linoleate and methyl stearate, lupeol, β-Sitosterol and Stigmasterol. The crude methanolic extract of the whole plant was partitioned to petroleum ether soluble fraction, chloroform soluble fraction, ethyl acetate soluble fraction and aqueous soluble fraction for the purpose of investigations of different biological activities. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction expressed the highest antioxidant property in DPPH free radical scavanging method, whilst the different extractives exhibited moderate to strong cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality test and the highest activity was shown by pet ether soluble fraction. Furthermore, the pet ether soluble fraction also demonstrated highest thrombolytic activity compared to the standard streptokinase, while the other fractions showed moderate to lower activity. However, no antimicrobial activity was observed for any of the fractions investigated using standard tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The methanolic extract further produced statistically significant peripheral analgesic and antidiarrheal activity at both 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses.Although, it expressed blood glucose lowering activity, but it was not statistically significant.

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