Background:Primary infertility is a health issue among women over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and causes of primary infertility based on a population-based study in an urban area of Iran.Materials and Methods:In a cross-sectional study, a total of 1067 married women who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were randomly selected using systematic random sampling. Unmarried women, those with unwilling pregnancy and duration of marriage below one year were excluded from the study. Data was collected by using validated ad-hoc questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.Results:The mean (SD) of age and marriage age of the studied women were 40.3 (9.3) and 20.6 (4.49) years, respectively; the overall prevalence of lifetime primary infertility among couples was 17.3% (185/1067). Ovulatory disorder (39.7%) and male factors (29.1%) were the main causes of primary infertility. In addition, 31 (17%) of the women were diagnosed with more than one cause. According to the logistic regression analysis, primary infertility was independently related to the old age of women (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.14–13.63, P.value: 0.001), higher BMI (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.87–4.14, P.value: 0.003), active smoking (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.38–3.53, P.value: 0.012) and higher educational level (OR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.12–5.53, P.value: 0.03).Conclusion:The prevalence of primary infertility in Iran was higher than the worldwide trends of infertility, indicating that understanding such risks help healthcare providers and policy makers to design and implement interventions to slow down this trend.
Regarding similar studies, it seems reasonable to adopt screening a decade earlier for Iranian patients.
BackgroundPrimordial and primary preventions of thyroid diseases are concerned with avoiding the appearance of risk factors, delaying the progression to overt disease, and minimizing the impact of illness.SummaryUsing related key words, 446 articles related to primordial and primary, preventions of thyroid diseases published between 2001-2015 were evaluated, categorized and analyzed. Prevention and elimination of iodine deficiency are major steps that have been successfully achieved and maintained in many countries of the world in last 2 decades. Recent investigations related to the effect of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and autoimmunity in the prevention of thyroid disorders have been reviewed.ConclusionsThe cornerstone for successful prevention of thyroid disease entails timely implementation of its primordial and primary preventions, which must be highly prioritized in related health strategies by health authorities.
Objective: Uncertainties exist regarding the causal relationship between thyroid function tests (TFT) within the euthyroid range and anthropometric measures. This longitudinal cohort is aimed to examine the relationship between the two conditions. Subjects and methods: Euthyroid participants of Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS) attending phase I (1999-2001) were included in this study and were followed up to phase IV (2008IV ( -2011. TSH and free T 4 (fT 4 ) levels as well as weight (Wt), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured at both phases. Results: 971 women and 784 men were included in the analysis. During 9.7 years of follow-up, increases in TSH levels, Wt and WHR as well as a decrease in fT 4 level were observed. Multivariable regression analysis showed a significant relationship between TSH changes and alterations in WC in women (β = 0.69, P = 0.021) and men (β = 0.61, P = 0.038). Moreover, a significant negative association of ΔfT 4 with changes in weight was documented (β = −0.49, P = 0.001 in women and β = −0.56, P < 0.001 in men). Additionally, we found a negative relationship between ΔfT 4 and ΔHC in men (β = −0.36, P = 0.001). Conclusion: In both genders, there was a positive relationship between changes in TSH and waist circumference and conversely a negative association of changes of fT 4 levels with weight over time.
Background Obesity is a global health priority, particularly in developing countries. The preventive effect of bariatric surgery against obesity-related diseases in the developing countries of the Middle East and North Africa region, where type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), and dyslipidemia prevail, has not been examined. Method Severely obese participants who underwent bariatric surgery were compared with their counterparts who underwent no intervention. These patients had been followed up in two prospective cohort studies for three years. We here determined the incidence of new-onset T2DM, HTN, and dyslipidemia and reported absolute and relative risks for the incidence of these comorbidities in the two groups. Results In this study, 612 participants in the bariatric surgery group were compared with 593 participants in the control group. During the follow-up period, T2DM developed in eight (2.9%) people in the surgery group and 66 (15.0%) people in the control group (P < 0.001). New-onset HTN and dyslipidemia showed significantly lower frequencies in the surgery group compared to the control group (4 (1.8%) vs. 70 (20.4%) and 33 (14.3%) vs. 93 (31.5%), respectively). Regarding a less favorable metabolic profile in the surgery group at the baseline, the relative risk reductions associated with bariatric surgery were 94, 93, and 55% for the development of T2DM, HTN, and dyslipidemia, respectively. Conclusion The risk reduction of obesity-related comorbidities after bariatric surgery should be considered in the decision-making process for public health in the region, which bariatric surgery could result in the prevention of comorbidities.
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