Mathematics for young learners should be taught in a fun way, using a familiar context. Incorporating games into the classroom is a way to engage students in mathematics and hence improve their learning outcomes. This article reports a qualitative study conducted to improve students’ understanding of angle measurement by implementing snakes and ladders game. A class consisted of 30 fourth-grade students at a primary school in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, participated in the study. Data on the students’ activity during learning and their learning outcomes were collected using observation sheet and tests. Results showed that the implementation of the snakes and ladders game in the teaching and learning of angles successfully improved the students’ attention during learning and their interactions with the teacher and their peers. There was also a significant improvement in the students’ learning outcomes from the average score of 45 for pre-test to 85 for post-test. These findings suggest that the implementation of snakes and ladders game is beneficial for students’ mathematics learning.
BackgroundThe acute impact of tobacco smoking on the cardiac hemodynamic parameters and its pathological implication in the process of arterial atherosclerosis need further exploration. This investigation was purposed to assess the acute impact of tobacco smoke on blood pressure and cardiac hemodynamic parameters.MethodsUsing an Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor, and DINAMAP Pro 400 Series V2 blood pressure monitor, several cardiac hemodynamic parameters and the blood pressure were assessed in 14 smokers, 11 females and 3 males, at 2 time points, before and after smoking of one cigarette. Data, in terms of ratio of the means and 95% confidence interval were analyzed using ANOVA.ResultsSingle-subject design in which the subject has served as his/her own control has been used. Tobacco smoking led to statistically significant acute increase in the means of all hemodynamic parameters, except for heart rate in female subjects, as compared to the means obtained before smoking.ConclusionsCigarette smoking induces acute non-physiologic alteration in cardiac outflow forces, exposing the aortic valve and arch to mechanical injury that might be implicated in initiating and promoting the process of aortic arch atherosclerosis and associated pathological lesions.
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