Traditional hydraulic <span>cylinders are widely used in industry as load lifting tools. There is difficulty in employing these cylinders in narrow installation space like building elevators as well as they require a long working stroke, so solving this problem requires using the telescopic hydraulic cylinder instead. This cylinder is a unique hydraulic cylinder design that uses a sequence of decreasing diameters to create a long operating stroke in a compact-retracted form. In this work, the Auto Station software is used to build a telescopic hydraulic cylinder model that includes hydraulic elements such as double-acting hydraulic telescopic cylinders, pump, valves, pipeline, and filter, as well as electrical parts such as programmable logic controller (PLC), push-bottoms, and position sensors. The proposed model is operated by a PLC controller and has three floors with an overall height of around 300 cm for lifting a 100 kg payload. The accuracy and validity of this model in lifting big weights were demonstrated by the analytical findings of characteristic curves for cylinder position and velocity. This model can be used a basic reference to analyze and construct hydraulic cylinders with any number of stages. The findings of simulations reveal that a quick change in pressure due to phase change causes multi-phase vibration.</span>
In recent decades, the demand for a linear motor has increased in various applications, due to its ability to develop a linear motion directly. One of the significant problems facing the operation of the linear motor is the presence of force ripple caused by the irregular magnetic field of the permanent magnets. Accordingly, a developed single-side permanent magnet synchronous flat linear motor (PMSLM) model has been designed based on minimizing its force ripple produced. A Maxwell ANSYS simulation is performed to study and enhance the dynamic characteristics and performance of the model and then verifying it with experimental measurements. Multi-objective optimization had been achieved through reducing the size of permanent magnets and reaction rail at specific rates with maintaining the required thrust and reducing the cogging force. The results of the improved model design showed that the maximum value of the force ripple is reduced by about 81.13% compared with the primary model at a smaller ripple coefficient of 0.22%. The comparison between the experimental measurements and numerical analysis showed a good agreement and accuracy of the analytical results.
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