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IntroductionGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the main active components in Moringa oleifera leaves, can be widely used to treat multiple diseases including inflammation.MethodsIn this study, the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of the GABA-enriched Moringa oleifera leaves fermentation broth (MLFB) were investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells model. The key active components changes like total flavonoids, total polyphenols and organic acid in the fermentation broth after fermentation was also analyzed.ResultsELISA, RT-qPCR and Western blot results indicated that MLFB could dose-dependently inhibit the secretions and intracellular expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like 1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, MLFB also suppressed the expressions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Moreover, the mRNA expressions of the key molecules like Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in the NF-κB signaling pathway were also restrained by MLFB in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, the key active components analysis result showed that the GABA, total polyphenols, and most organic acids like pyruvic acid, lactic acid as well as acetic acid were increased obviously after fermentation. The total flavonoids content in MLFB was still remained to be 32 mg/L though a downtrend was presented after fermentation.DiscussionOur results indicated that the MLFB could effectively alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and its underlying mechanism might be associated with the inhibition of TLR-4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway activation. The anti-inflammatory activity of MLFB might related to the relative high contents of GABA as well as other active constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics and organic acids in MLFB. Our study provides the theoretical basis for applying GABA-enriched Moringa oleifera leaves as a functional food ingredient in the precaution and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Dye wastewater has become one of the difficult industrial wastewaters due to its significant characteristics such as high chroma and poor biodegradability. Here, we use collagen fibers (CFs) as the matrix, glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the ammoniating modifier to prepare cationic-modified collagen fibers (CF-PEI). The CF-PEI still maintained the original fibrous structure with a larger adsorption area. The content of primary amino groups on CF-PEI was significantly increased, which not only improved the hydrophilic swelling performance of CFs but also improved the adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of CF-PEI for soap yellow and acid red could reach 538.2 and 369.7 mg g–1, respectively. The adsorption rate was fast, and the adsorption equilibrium could be reached in about 60 min. Desorption regeneration studies have shown that 0.1 mol L–1 HCl could achieve a better desorption effect, and the CF-PEI had a good recycling performance. The ammoniated modified CF-PEI was an excellent adsorption treatment material for anionic dye wastewater. It is expected to become an effective way for high-value resource utilization of waste dander in the leather industry.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common clinical problem associated with mortality, and it is a significant cause of illness and death worldwide. 1,2 Hospitalization for a medical illness increases the risk of VTE by approximately eight-fold, and approximately 25% of cases of VTE are associated with hospitalization. 3,4 In previous studies, cancer and chemotherapy were associated with 4.1-and 6.5-fold greater risks of VTE, respectively. 4,5 Major general surgery that requires general anesthesia lasting 30 min or more and other types of