Guanxi is an important part of Chinese business culture, and there are a large number of business people from all over the world coming to China since its opening up and reform policies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of Guanxi to multinational companies in China, and discuss if its importance has declined since China's opening up and reform policies have reached an advanced stage or not. In China, Guanxi can not only assist transnational companies to obtain sources of information and resources, including business opportunities, government policies, and scarce necessities and professionals, but also be of great value to them in terms of building up corporate reputation, enlarging market share and even motivating employees, although associated with bribery and corruption. Thus, Guanxi is definitely important for international enterprises in China, and it remains significant despite of advanced opening-up and reform policies.
The aim of this research was to examine the influence of atrium geometry and surface reflectance distributions on daylight factor (DF) at the base of the atrium. Ecotect and Radiance programmes were used to simulate square, four-sided, top-lit atria under overcast sky conditions. To achieve the variability in reflection distribution, surfaces were assigned alternating horizontal bands of white and black. For each of the experiments the widths of these bands were altered but the overall split between white and black bands was always maintained at 50% white and 50% black. Models were built for atriums with a well index of 0.5, 1 and 2. Results of the banded models were compared with models with a uniform reflectance of 0.43%; an average of the black and white bands to understand the influence of reflectance distribution patterns. It was concluded that the reflectance distributions had limited influence on daylight distribution on the atrium floor in the medium and shallow/wide atriums but had practically no effect in the tall atrium. The distribution of well reflectances had almost no influence on the average daylight factor (ADF) values in atria. Besides, the effect of reflectance distribution patterns on the DF reduced as the number of bands increased.
Northeastern China is a region of high tick abundance, multiple tick-borne pathogens and likely human infections. The spectrum of diseases caused by tick-borne pathogens has not been objectively evaluated in this region for clinical management and for comparison with other regions globally where tick-transmitted diseases are common. Based on clinical symptoms, PCR, indirect immunofluorescent assay and (or) blood smear, we identified and described tick-borne diseases from patients with recent tick bite seen at Mudanjiang Forestry Central Hospital. From May 2010 to September 2011, 42% (75/180) of patients were diagnosed with a specific tick-borne disease, including Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human babesiosis and spotted fever group rickettsiosis. When we compared clinical and laboratory features to identify factors that might discriminate tick-transmitted infections from those lacking that evidence, we revealed that erythema migrans and neurological manifestations were statistically significantly differently presented between those with and without documented aetiologies (P < 0.001, P = 0.003). Twelve patients (6.7%, 12/180) were co-infected with two tick-borne pathogens. We demonstrated the poor ability of clinicians to identify the specific tick-borne disease. In addition, it is necessary to develop specific laboratory assays for optimal diagnosis of tick-borne diseases.
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