The history of kidney disease associated with HIV infection dates back to the years of HIV breakthrough. The objective was to study kidney damage in children infected with HIV at the Teaching Hospital of Borgou (Benin) in 2019. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical, matching-type study carried out from June 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 at the pediatrics department of Teaching Hospital of Borgou (Benin). The study included HIV-positive children, followed in consultations, and whose parents gave their consent. The biological markers were demon-strated with urine dipstick. Glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Schwartz test and classified according to stages. The dependent variable was the presence of at least one impairment (biological or functional). Sample size was determined by Schwartz’s method on the basis of one case for two controls. Sociodemographic, clinical, biological, and therapeutic data were collected. Comparisons were made using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The identification of associated factors was possible using a multiple logistic regression model at 5% threshold. In total, we included 117 children, including 39 HIV-positive children. The average age was 8 ± 4.81 years and the gender ratio was 1:17. The frequency of kidney damage was 76.5%. Permanent proteinuria and at least two crosses on urine dipstick were present in 20.5%, leukocyturia in 2.6%, and proximal tubular dysfunction in 5.1%. Glomerular hyperfiltration was found in 38.5%, acute kidney injury in 38.5%, and chronic kidney injury in 5.1%. Associated factors were age (P = 0.004), presence of opportunistic infections (P = 0.00), and treatment adherence (P = 0.004). Kidney damage is common in HIV-positive children. Careful follow-up is necessary to avoid complications.

Objective: To study the link between malaria and epilepsy in children in Parakou district. Methods: This case-control study included children 1-15 years of age with epilepsy. Each case of epilepsy was matched to 2 controls for age, sex and neighborhood of residence. The exposure variables were a history of malaria (number and type), family history of epilepsy and other past medical history. The odds ratios (OR) and their confidence interval were used to estimate association. Results: A total of 123 children including 41 children with epilepsy and 82 controls were included. The overall average number of malaria episodes per year in both groups combined was 1.8 ± 0.9 episodes. In the multivariate analysis, cerebral malaria (OR: 50.35 [5.28-480.30]), family history of epilepsy (OR: 12.17 [2.15-69.01]) and number of malaria episodes (OR: 13.27 [4.53-98.48]) were associated. Conclusion: This study supports the association between cerebral malaria and the onset of epilepsy.

Introduction: Vitamin D's action outside of bone, especially on immunity, is widely reported in the international scientific literature over the last years. Objective: Calculate the frequency of hypovitaminosis D in children aged 6 to 59 months suffering from severe malaria in the CHUD-P pediatric unit in 2016. Setting and Methods: This research work is a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical purposes. Data gathering was prospective. The study involved children aged 6 to 59 months hospitalized for severe malaria in the CHUD-P pediatric unit. The said children were HIV-uninfected, eutrophic and had not received vitamin D supplementation during the last 6 months. Vitamin D dose was measured using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Results: A total of 80 subjects were involved in the survey. Mean age was 26.08 months, sex ratio was 0.8 and average weight was 10.80 kg. Hypovitaminosis D frequency was 83.8% (67 cases out of 80 children investigated during the survey) with an average plasma concentration of vitamin D estimated at 21.57 ng/ml ± 7.34 with two extremes (11.24 -42.32) ng/ml. The minimum parasitaemia was 202 P/μl and the maximum was 580,000 P/µl. Conclusion: Hypovitaminosis D is common in children suffering from severe malaria; this result suggests conducting a large-scale community-based study to decide on vitamin D inclusion in national supplementation policies and severe malaria management.

Malaria is an endemic pathology with several complications, including kidney damage. The objective of this work was to study kidney damage during severe malaria in children at the pediatrics department of the Borgou Departmental Teaching Hospital (Borgou DTH), Benin in 2021. This was a longitudinal study carried out over 4 months from June 1, 2021 to September 30, 2021 (with 1 month of recruitment from June 1 to July 1, 2021) at the pediatric department of the Borgou DTH. The study included children aged 1 month–15 years, hospitalized for Plasmodium falciparum malaria with at least one clinical manifestation of malaria severity established by the World Health Organization in 2000 and whose parents had given their informed consent. The damage was established by urinary sedimentation using urine dipstick and urinary cap and serum creatinine. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was intended and classified according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The dependent variable was the presence of at least one clinical, biological, and functional impairment. Follow-up was regular for up to 3 months. Lost to follow-up were excluded. Predictors of occurrence were identified. Statistical difference was considered significant at P < 0.05. Of the 164 children hospitalized for severe malaria during the study period, 72 had at least one renal impairment, with a frequency of 43.90%. The average age of the children was 44.93 months. On urine dipstick, 76.39% of the patients had hemoglobinuria and 55.56% had albuminuria. Urinary cap revealed 44% granular cylindruria and 32% crystalluria. AKI was detected in 4.54% patients. Recovery was complete in all fol-low-up cases. The predictors of kidney damage were coma ( P = 0.017), jaundice ( P = 0.007), thrombocytopenia ( P = 0.021), and long hospital stay ( P = 0.008). Kidney damage in severe malaria is frequent. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are fundamentals of rapid and complete recovery of kidney functions.

To study epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of urinary tract infection (UTI) in newborns at the Departmental Teaching Hospital of Borgou-Alibori (DTH-B/A). This was a cross-sectional study conducted from April 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 and concerned all newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of DTH-B/A. According to the National Agency for Health Accreditation and Evaluation (NAHAE)recommen-dations of 2002, all symptomatic newborns who did not have a visible malformation outside the genitourinary system and whose parents gave their consent were included in the study. The census was exhaustive despite the calculated minimum size of 109 newborns. Urine sedimentation and cytobacteriological examination of urine samples, taken in adhesive bags after local disinfection, demonstrated presence of pathogenic microbes. Sensitivity of detected microbes was studied to different antibiotics. Interpretive reading of antibiograms was established according to the Standards of the French Society of Microbiology (FEMS), edition 2012. If UTI was confirmed, an abdominopelvic ultrasound was performed in search for a malformative uropathy as a contributing factor in newborns. A standardized survey was developed for data collection. The data entered were analyzed using the Epi info software, version 3.5.4. In all, 124 newborns were included in the study. UTI accounted for 8.06% of all neonatal infections and 2.15% of admissions. The average age of onset was 7.8 days, with a gender ratio of 1:1. The main clinical manifestations were jaundice and respiratory distress. Microbes involved were Staphylococcus aureus (6/10), Escherichia coli (2/10), and Klebsiella oxytoca (2/10). The resistance of microbes to antibiotics was generally high. No abnormalities were revealed in the ultrasound. Although neonatal UTI is not a rare infection, bacterial resistance is of concern.

Introduction: Nutritional rickets is the visible tip of the iceberg formed by the diseases caused by hypovitaminosis. Vitamin D plasma is essentially influenced by the level of sunlight which is significant in Sub-Saharan Africa and in Benin. However, there are factors likely to impede endogenous production of that vitamin in children in our environment. This research work was conducted with the view to investigate hypovitaminosis D prevalence and associated factors in children aged 6 to 59 months in the District of Parakou in 2017. Methods: This research work was a cross-sectional study with prospective collection of data carried out in community in the District of Parakou in 2017. The study involved euthrophic and non-HIV infected children aged 6 to 59 months who did not benefit from vitamin D supplementation during the past three months. Vitamin D plasma concentration was obtained using "Radioimmunoassay" after cluster random sampling in accordance with WHO guidelines. According to Schwartz formula, nominal minimum sample size was 321. In this study, hypovitaminosis D was defined as a plasma level lower than 30 ng/l. Data processing was carried out using softwares such as EPI INFO version 7.2 and SPSS 21. Results: In total, 400 children were involved in the survey. Hypovitaminosis prevalence was 9.5% (38 out of 400 cases). In our research work, the factors associated with hypovitaminosis were child's age (p = 0.0470), mother's age (p = 0.0000), weaning age lower than 6 months (p = 0.0466) and mother's occupation out of direct sunlight (p = 0.0012). Conclusion: Nearly one out of ten children suffers from hypovitaminosis D in the District of Parakou in 2017. The associated factors were age of child and mother, early weaning and mother's professional occupation held out of direct sunlight. This research work should be continued and improved by a nationwide multicentre study. This could lead to the adoption of measures for How to cite this paper: Noudamadjo, A.,