Transporting mass products from one country to others is essential activities in industrial cycle. Ships are selected as reliable carriers for this objective considering traveling time and operational cost. During its operational, accidental events such as storm, high tide and bad weather may cause the products which are usually packed in freight containers fall into sea, and impacts the ship structure. In this situation, casualties on both involved structures can be detrimental. This work analyzes a series of ship-container collision in maritime territory in order to investigate resulting structural phenomena. The finite element approach is selected to solve the designed collision cases where the discussion is directed to selected crash-worthiness criteria. Impact speed between ship and container structures is chosen as the main parameter in the designed scenario by judging whether this parameter is a good representative of sea state. Overall results indicate that the indication for container rebounding after impact was high. It was followed by a significant increment of the internal energy after higher velocity, which was more than 5 m·s−1, had been applied to the scenario. Quantification of specific structural performance suggests that approximately more than 80% of the damage occurrs on the contacted area of the container structure.
<div class="WordSection1"><div class="WordSection1"><p><em>Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) </em>banyak digunakan di daerah maritim. Di Indonesia ada banyak petani tambak ikan yang masih melakukan proses pemberian pakan ikan secara manual menggunakan tenaga manusia. Untuk pembudidaya ikan yang memiliki kolam 10 m × 4 m atau lebih, hanya bisa menabur pakan ikan di pinggir kolam, sehingga pakan ikan tidak bisa merata hingga ke tengah kolam. Kapal tanpa awak penebar pakan ikan berbasis <em>microcontroller </em>Arduino ini dibuat sebagai solusi untuk masalah petani ikan yang memiliki ukuran kolam besar dalam distribusi pakan ikan lebih merata. Dengan menggunakan kapal tanpa awak penebar pakan ikan berbasis <em>microcontroller </em>Arduino<em> </em>pemberian pakan ikan akan lebih mudah, efisien, dan merata. Tiga sensor <em>ultrasonic </em>yang terpasang dibagian depan kapal terhubung dengan Arduino Due, yang dilanjutkan dengan melakukan paralel dengan Arduino Uno yang mengatur pergerakan servo MG-995 untuk menggerakkan daun kemudi kapal. Kapal dirancang mampu membawa beban pakan ikan sebesar 5 kg dan mampu dioperasikan secara manual maupun otomatis. Pengoperasian otomasi kapal dibantu dengan Arduino Uno dan Arduino Due sebagai pusat pengaturan, dan tiga sensor <em>ultrasonic </em>memberi sinyal dengan menangkap pengahalang didepan kapal, sehingga kapal mampu berbelok sebelum terjadi tabrakan.</p></div></div>
The shape of the projectile seems to determine the effect of a ballistic impact and failure mechanism. In this study, the numerical analysis of ballistic impact with different projectile shapes, i.e., ogive, blunt, conical, and hemispherical is performed. The target is a circular sandwich plate with an outer diameter of 315 mm, which is composed of three layers with a thickness of 1 mm for each layer. These layers will be filled with different materials such as 1100-H12 aluminum alloy, ZK61m magnesium alloy, and 6061-T651 aluminum alloy. The target plate in the numerical analysis consists of two parts: the inner and outer zones. In the inner zone, the selected element size is set to fine, while in the outer zone, it is set to be coarser, and the size will increase along with the direction and the diameter of the circle. This numerical simulation uses the Johnson–Cook material model and is applied to ABAQUS/Explicit software. The simulation configurations are validated based on previous experiments by comparing the residual velocity values after the projectile has penetrated the target plate. The simulation results will obtain energy absorption values for each variation of the target plate. The energy absorption values are affected by stress and strain in radial, circumferential, axial, and shear deformation. The energy absorption value determines the strength of each variation of the target plate. Then the target plate will compare which arrangement is the strongest when receiving ballistic loads.
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