Long-term changes and trends in the series of monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation totals of 97 stations in Turkey were analysed by considering their spatial and temporal characteristics. Secular trends in precipitation series were examined with the Mann-Kendall rank correlation test for the general period 1930-2002, whereas spatial variabilities of, and relationships between, the precipitation series at 86 of these stations were investigated by the principal component analysis (PCA) for the period 1953-2002 when the length of data is at its best for the stations subjected to the PCA. Major findings of the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) First principal component (PC1) generally describes climatology of the precipitation totals in Turkey that is closely governed by the large-scale and/or synoptic scale atmospheric features (i.e. surface and upper air pressure and wind systems). (2) In winter, it is very likely that the greater PC1 loadings over the western and south-western parts of Turkey characterized mainly with the Mediterranean rainfall regimes indicate influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation and associated weather patterns. However, smaller PC1 loadings over the north-eastern and eastern parts of Turkey are very likely related to the influence of the northerly mid-latitude cyclones, and the northerly and easterly circulations linked with the Eastern Europe and the Siberian originated high pressures on spatial variations of winter precipitation. (3) As for the long-term temporal variability, it was detected that there is an apparent decreasing trend in the winter precipitation totals of Turkey, whereas a general increasing trend is dominant in the precipitation totals of spring, summer and autumn seasons. (4) Observed decreasing trends are the strongest over the Mediterranean and the Mediterranean Transition rainfall regime regions. (5) Strong decreasing trends are also mostly found in winter months of the year, while apparent increasing trends show up at some stations in the months of April, August and October.
Turkish annual precipitation regimes are analysed to provide large-scale perspective and redefine precipitation regions. Monthly total precipitation data are employed for 107 stations (1963–2002). Precipitation regime shape (seasonality) and magnitude (size) are classified using a novel multivariate methodology. Six shape and five magnitude classes are identified, which exhibit clear spatial structure. A composite (shape and magnitude) regime classification reveals dominant controls on spatial variability of precipitation. Intra-annual timing and magnitude of precipitation is highly variable due to seasonal shifts in Polar and Subtropical zones and physiographic factors. Nonetheless, the classification methodology is shown to be a powerful tool that identifies physically-interpretable precipitation regions: (1) coastal regimes for Marmara, coastal Aegean, Mediterranean and Black Sea; (2) transitional regimes in continental Aegean and Southeast Anatolia; and (3) inland regimes across central and Eastern Anatolia. This research has practical implications for understanding water resources, which are under ever growing pressure in Turkey
ÖzetTürkiye'deki fiziki coğrafyanın değişen disipliner pratiğini soruşturan bu yazının temel amacı, bir öz-değerlendirme çalışması olarak, fiziki coğrafyanın yayın pratikleri bakımından gösterdiği tarihsellik ile bu tarihselliğin ortaya çıkardığı örüntüyü, Batı'daki fiziki coğrafya pratiğiyle makro ölçekte karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmada dört farklı veri serisi (Türk coğrafya dergilerinde fiziki coğrafya yayınlarının performansı, fiziki coğrafya alanında yapılmış doktora tezlerinin sayısı, jeomorfoloji çalışmalarının yerbilimi dergilerindeki performansı ve de fiziki coğrafyanın SCI-SSCI veri tabanında taranan dergilerdeki yayın performansı) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, Türk fiziki coğrafyasının 1990'lı yılların ortalarına dek disiplinin en güçlü kanadını oluşturduğunu, bu tarihlerden sonra ise daralma sürecine girerek coğrafyanın küçük ortağı haline geldiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Genel olarak Türk yerbilimi literatüründeki ve 2005 yılına kadar da uluslararası platformdaki görünürlülüğü oldukça düşük olan Türk fiziki coğrafyasının uluslararası yayın performansında 2005 yılı itibariyle dikkate değer bir ivmelenme gözleniyor olsa da, bu pratik büyük ölçüde aktör bağımlı olup, disiplindeki kurumsal bir dönüşümün çıktısı niteliğinde değildir. Bu çalışmada, Anglo-Amerikan muadillerinden farklı olarak, Türk fiziki coğrafyasının disipliner pratiğinin kendine özgü değişen bir bağlama sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu bağlam, söz konusu altdisiplinin Türk coğrafyası içerisinde küçüldüğü, kendisini kurumsal olarak yenileyemediği, daha çok aktör bağımlı ve işbirliklerine dayalı bir şekilde uluslararasılaşmaya başladığı karmaşık bir örüntüyü yansıtmaktadır. Bu karmaşık örüntünün günümüzdeki kompozisyonu, Türk coğrafyasının makro ölçekte yerelde fiziki coğrafya-dışı alanlar, uluslararası platformda ise fiziki coğrafya tarafından temsil edildiğini göstermektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk coğrafyası, fiziki coğrafya, yayın pratikleri, Anglo-Amerikan coğrafyası, kantitatif devrim AbstractThe aim of this study, as a disciplinary review, is to question the changing disciplinary practices of Turkish physical geography in a historical and empirical context. Four data sets (performances of physical geography publications in geography journals in Turkey, number of Ph.D. thesis made in physical geography, performances of geomorphology articles in the local earth science journals, performances of Turkish physical geography articles in the SCI-SSCI data base) are used in this study. Results show that, on one hand, Turkish physical geography dominated the whole discipline until the mid-1990s but afterwards the sub-discipline gradually became the small partner of geography in Turkey. On the other hand, Turkish physical geography practices simply ignored the quantitative revolution developed firstly in the Anglo-American geography by the time of 1960s, and reproduced its descriptive, pure empiricists and map-making practices onwards. While Turkish physical geography has had a very low publication reco...
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