Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles prepared using hydrothermal approach were employed to study their potential application as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. The hydrothermal process involves precursors FeCl 2 Á4H 2 O and FeCl 3 with NaOH as reducing agent to initiate the precipitation of Fe 3 O 4 , followed by hydrothermal treatment to produce nano-sized Fe 3 O 4 . Chitosan (CTS) was coated onto the surface of the as-prepared Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles to enhance its stability and biocompatible properties. The size distribution of the obtained Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cubic inverse spinel structure of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicated the presence of the chitosan on the surface of the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The superparamagnetic behaviour of the produced Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles at room temperature was elucidated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). From the result of custom made phantom study of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, coated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles have been proved to be a promising contrast enhanced agent in MR imaging. #
As nuclear technology evolves, and continues to be used in various fields since its discovery less than a century ago, radiation safety has become a major concern to humans and the environment. Radiation monitoring plays a significant role in preventive radiological nuclear detection in nuclear facilities, hospitals, or in any activities associated with radioactive materials by acting as a tool to measure the risk of being exposed to radiation while reaping its benefit. Apart from in occupational settings, radiation monitoring is required in emergency responses to radiation incidents as well as outdoor radiation zones. Several radiation sensors have been developed, ranging from as simple as a Geiger-Muller counter to bulkier radiation systems such as the High Purity Germanium detector, with different functionality for use in different settings, but the inability to provide real-time data makes radiation monitoring activities less effective. The deployment of manned vehicles equipped with these radiation sensors reduces the scope of radiation monitoring operations significantly, but the safety of radiation monitoring operators is still compromised. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been introduced to the world and offered solutions to these limitations. This review elucidates a systematic understanding of the fundamental usage of the Internet of Drones for radiation monitoring purposes. The extension of essential functional blocks in IoT can be expanded across radiation monitoring industries, presenting several emerging research opportunities and challenges. This article offers a comprehensive review of the evolutionary application of IoT technology in nuclear and radiation monitoring. Finally, the security of the nuclear industry is discussed.
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