The concept of “Women empowerment” has received much attention from researchers, government and captains of industry. There are several meanings attached to the concept of women empowerment. This literature review explores the origin of the term women empowerment as it is related to gender and equality. This literature review looks at four power perspectives that are used to explain the increasing need for women empowerment today. The related concepts of power, agency, resources and achievements are used to explain and describe the problems associated with women empowerment globally. The theoretical underpinnings of this literature review are important for policy-makers and government the world over. Finally, the models that can be adopted to empower women, socially, economically and politically are identified and explained.
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the meaning attached to CSR as a concept and the legal, economic and ethical CSR activities of SMEs in Zimbabwe. For a long time researchers have concentrated on studying the impact of CSR practices on the operations of SMEs and yet very little regard has been given to investigating the relationship between CSR meaning and CSR activities in SMEs.The study made use of questionnaires to collect data from a sample of 201 SMEs residing in the region of Harare. The correlation method was adopted in order to examine the relationship between CSR meaning and CSR activities of SMEs in Zimbabwe. The results of the study revealed that the meaning of CSR is related to the major CSR activities undertaken by SMEs in Zimbabwe. This means SMEs that indulge in donating money and goods to need people will define CSR as donations in cash or kind. Therefore the meaning attached to CSR must be related to the legal, economic and ethical CSR activities of SMEs in Zimbabwe. For this reason there is no standard meaning for CSR.
Different organizations worldwide are increasingly turning to human resource analytics to improve their strategic human resource and business goals. Specifically, this has been necessitated by advances in information technology in the corporate business world. Therefore, this advancement in information technology has heightened expectations and contributed to a very positive perception of human resource analytics. Using HRA to manage the human endeavor, on the other hand, is still marred by different implementation challenges owing to a lack of understanding and appreciation by the key stakeholders. Using an integrative synthesis, the researchers conducted an integrative review of refereed journal articles on HRA Implementation. A search from three major data banks turned up 133 410 hits and according to the search criteria, only twelve relevant articles were reviewed. Consequently, the number of articles in refereed journals and the research question addressed were used to categorize the articles. The articles were classified according to the following four questions: What exactly is HRA? How does HRA function? What are the consequences of using HRA? What factors influence HRA adoption? Researchers concluded that despite information connecting HRA adoption to strategic firm performance, academic research and HRA adoption are extremely low, resulting in a scarcity of evidence on the subject. All in all, such a revelation warrants further investigation through longitudinal and cross-sectional field surveys.
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