A Literature Review of Women Empowerment and Development in Zimbabwe: A look at New Insights and Perspectives

Manuere, Faitira; Phiri, Neria

doi:10.5296/jpag.v8i4.13818

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…We applied three conceptual frameworks to inform the evaluation of empowerment: (1) Kabeer's conceptual model on empowerment ( 23 ); (2) International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)'s indicators on women's economic empowerment ( 43 ); and (3) relational leadership theory (RLT) ( 44 ). We decided to use three frameworks for the analysis because the science of defining and measuring women's empowerment is complex and evolving ( 45 – 48 ), and Kabeer's framework has been successfully used to analyze women's empowerment in social entrepreneurship in developing countries ( 24 , 25 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Women's Empowerment in a Community-Based Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Social Entrepreneurship Program (Hope Project) in Peru: A Mixed-Method Study

Shin

García

Dotson

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionUnderstanding community women's relational and financial empowerment in social entrepreneurship could be the key to scaling up community-based human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling programs in low- and middle-income countries. The Hope Project, social entrepreneurship in Peru, trains women (Hope Ladies) to promote HPV self-sampling among other women in their communities. This study aims to evaluate the Hope Ladies' relational and financial empowerment after participating in the program.Materials and MethodsWe evaluated the Hope Ladies' experiences of empowerment in social entrepreneurship using a parallel convergent mixed methods design. The Hope Ladies participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews (n = 20) and an eight-questions five-point Likert scale survey that evaluated their relational (n = 19)/financial (n = 17) empowerment. The interview and the survey questions were developed using three empowerment frameworks: Kabeer's conceptual framework, International Center for Research on Women's economic empowerment indicators, and the Relational Leadership Theory. Deductive content analysis was used to evaluate the interviews with pre-determined codes and categories of empowerment. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey results. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated through a cross-case comparison of emergent themes and corresponding survey responses during the results interpretation.ResultsAll Hope Ladies reported experiencing increased empowerment in social entrepreneurship. Interviews: The women reported challenges and improvement in three categories of empowerment: (1) resources (balancing between household and Hope Lady roles, recognition from the community as a resource, camaraderie with other Hope Ladies); (2) agency (increased knowledge about reproductive health, improved confidence to express themselves, and ability to speak out against male-dominant culture); and (3) achievement (increased economic assets, improved ability to make financial decisions, and widened social network and capital, and technology skills development). Survey: All (100%) agreed/totally agreed an increase in social contacts, increased unaccompanied visits to a healthcare provider (86%), improved confidence in discussing reproductive topics (100%), improved ability to make household decisions about money (57% pre-intervention vs. 92% post-intervention).ConclusionsThe Hope Ladies reported improved relational and financial empowerment through participating in community-based social entrepreneurship. Future studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between empowerment and worker retention/performance to inform the scale-up of HPV self-sampling social entrepreneurship programs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Women's Empowerment in a Community-Based Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Social Entrepreneurship Program (Hope Project) in Peru: A Mixed-Method Study

Shin

García

Dotson

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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show abstract

“…Then, codes and constructs were mapped onto the generic categories of resource, agency, and achievements from Kabeer's conceptual model of empowerment, acknowledging that these constructs are not mutually exclusive but rather inter-related (23). We decided to use the three frameworks for the analysis (e.g., ICWR, RLT, and Kabeer's conceptual framework) because the science of de ning and measuring women's empowerment is complex and evolving (34)(35)(36)(37), and Kabeer's framework has been successfully used to analyze women's empowerment in social entrepreneurship in developing countries (24,25). The two authors (MS and MD) met subsequently to iteratively discuss their individual ndings from the qualitative data analysis and discuss discrepancies until reaching consensus.…”

Section: Qualitative Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Women’s Empowerment in a Community-Based Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Social Entrepreneurship Program (Hope Project) in Peru: Mixed-Method Study

Shin

García

Dotson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Understanding the community women’s sense of relational and financial empowerment in the social entrepreneurship context could be the key to developing a sustainable pathway to scale-up community-based human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling programs in low-resource settings. The Hope Project, social entrepreneurship from Peru, trains women (Hope Ladies) to promote HPV self-sampling among other women in their communities. This study aims to evaluate the Hope Ladies’ relational/financial empowerment after participating in the program. Methods: We used a parallel mixed-method design. The Hope Ladies participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews (n= 20) and an eight-questions five-point Likert scale survey that evaluated their relational (n=19)/financial (n=17) empowerment after participating in the social entrepreneurship. The interview and the survey questions were developed using validated empowerment frameworks, indicators, and theory: 1) Kabeer’s conceptual framework, 2) International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)’s economic empowerment indicators, and 3) the Relational Leadership Theory (RLT), respectively. Deductive content analysis was used to evaluate the interviews with pre-determined codes and categories of empowerment. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey results. Results: All Hope Ladies reported experiencing empowerment in the social entrepreneurship. Interviews: The women reported challenges and improvement in three categories of empowerment: 1) resources (balancing the roles between the household and working as a Hope Lady, camaraderie with other Hope Ladies, recognition from the community as a resource); 2) agency (improved ability to express themselves, increased knowledge about reproductive health, ability to speak out against male-dominant culture and fear of cervical cancer-related stigma); and 3) achievement (increased economic assets, improved ability to make financial decisions from increased supplemental income, widened social network and capital, and technology skills development). Survey: All (100%) agreed/totally agreed an increase in social contacts, increased unaccompanied visits to a healthcare provider (86%), improved confidence in discussing reproductive topics (100%), improved ability to make household decisions about money (57% pre-intervention vs. 92% post-intervention). Conclusions: The Hope Ladies’ reported improved relational/financial empowerment through participating in community-based social entrepreneurship. More studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between empowerment and worker retention/performance to inform the scale-up of HPV self-sampling social entrepreneurship.

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“…It is explained as a process whereby women become able to organize themselves to increase their self-reliance, to assert their independent right to make choices and to control resources that will assist in challenging and eliminating their subordination. The relevant literature on women empowerment was examined to uncover questionnaires evaluating attitudes toward women empowerment (Desai, 2010; Duflo, 2012; Malhotra et al , 2009; Manuere and Phiri, 2018; Naz et al , 2010; Orso and Fabrizi, 2016; Sundaram et al , 2014). Josephat et al (2018) developed a surveying questionnaire regarding attitudes towards women empowerment, but never established psychometric validations for it.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric development and validation of attitude rating scale towards women empowerment: across male and female university population in Pakistan

Shuja

Aqeel

Khan

2020

IJHRH

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Purpose Attaining equality between women and men and eliminating all forms of discrimination are fundamental human rights and United Nations values. Nevertheless, women globally suffer violations of their human rights throughout their lives. This necessitates investigation of the attitude that people hold towards women empowerment, which is defined as their ability to practice their rights, freedom and attain resources within a framework of gender inequality. The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument to measure attitudes regarding women’s empowerment, which can develop better understanding and future interventions to counter these negative attitudes for better social and health care, including mental and physical health. Design/methodology/approach The factorial structure, reliability, content validity and impact of gender on factor structure of scale were examined among university students (N = 500) in study with male (n = 180) and female (n = 320) population. Findings Exploratory factor analysis using direct oblimin method based on principal component analysis indicated a three-factor, 16-item scale including subscales of personal freedom; equal rights and women empowerment-related fears. Instrument exhibited decent reliability (0.80) and content validity in both male and female university students with a t = −7.64, p = 0.00, suggesting a highly significant difference between the two genders on the developed scale. Research limitations/implications The major limitation was that the sample was obtained from student population; therefore, it will not be entirely correct to generalize it to the whole population of Pakistan. Similarly, there are issues regarding the availability of students because of a busy schedule or not having interest to take part in the study that led to variance in the sample. Lastly, the current scale is developed based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and it should be further enhanced using item response theory in future. Future studies need to include samples from different populations in Pakistan to bring out a more generalized view and try to minimize the variances in sample as much as possible for better results. Practical implications The scale is constructed using the basic features of women empowerment at its core and is applicable in various settings to measure the attitude towards women empowerment. It will be a helpful tool to be used in various health, employment and educational settings. Moreover, this instrument can be applied for research purpose of measuring attitude as a predictor in combination with other variables such as domestic violence and harassment. Social implications Empowering of women is one of the main agendas of 2019 of United Nations for Asian countries where women are not given equal rights, because of which suffer socially and economically from various problems along with issues regarding physical and mental health. By identifying the attitudes of general population, their causes for their attitudes can help in betterment of the women empowerment process. Originality/value This paper in discussion is an original work and has been performed with the purpose of assessing attitudes of males and females regarding women empowerment as the previous measures are either not psychometric valid or are in interview or survey form. The current developed scale is an attempt to develop an instrument that can be globally used.

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A Literature Review of Women Empowerment and Development in Zimbabwe: A look at New Insights and Perspectives

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluation of Women's Empowerment in a Community-Based Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Social Entrepreneurship Program (Hope Project) in Peru: A Mixed-Method Study

Evaluation of Women's Empowerment in a Community-Based Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Social Entrepreneurship Program (Hope Project) in Peru: A Mixed-Method Study

Evaluation of Women’s Empowerment in a Community-Based Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Social Entrepreneurship Program (Hope Project) in Peru: Mixed-Method Study

Psychometric development and validation of attitude rating scale towards women empowerment: across male and female university population in Pakistan

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