The coronavirus outbreak has created a global health crisis that has disrupted all industries, including the construction industry. Following the onset of the pandemic, construction workers faced and continue to face unprecedented safety and health challenges. Therefore, construction employers established new safety precautions to protect the health and safety of the workforce and minimize the spread of the virus. The new precautions followed the advice and guidelines offered by different health and safety agencies like the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC). With construction projects resuming operations, it becomes important to analyze the coronavirus-related health and safety concerns of construction workforce and understand how the new safety procedures can assist on jobsites. Existing studies mostly focused on interviews and surveys with construction companies to understand the impact on project performance and supply chains. However, no study has yet to analyze the United States construction workforce. This paper fills the gap by providing a qualitative descriptive analysis of the COVID-19 complaints data gathered by OSHA from construction jobsites. Information gathered by OSHA includes the jobsite location, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) of the construction company, the type of the complaint (i.e., formal or non-formal), and a thorough description of the complaint. N-grams were employed to analyze the complaints, detect trends, and compile a list of the most frequent concerns reported by the workforce. The analysis of the complaints data identifies safety practices that were most violated, highlights major safety and health concerns for construction workers, and pinpoints geographical areas that have seen a surge in complaints. The study also synthesized the existing research corpus and compiled a list of 100 best practices that construction employers can adopt to mitigate the concerns of the workforce. The findings of this study provide insights into the safety and health trends on construction sites, lay the foundation for future work of academicians and practitioners to address the concerns faced by construction workers, and serve as lessons learned for the industry in the case of any future pandemic.
Process capability index PCIs have long been used to assess process efficiency in the manufacturing. While PCIs assess the process stability and efficiency, real measurements of product quality depended on estimate the standard deviation for a short-term variance was calculated as the base approach in several previous studies for measuring PCIs. Studies in recent years seek to estimate shift of the process mean from target. In today's smart manufacturing production climate, manufacturers keep track of production performance. Since the deviance of process mean comparative to the target is different. This allows a more robust norm to be implemented by estimate the relative shift to describe the variance of process in Six Sigma (SS). For that purpose, this paper suggests an evaluation method by comparative analysis to four different ways of calculating yield indexes Spk based on six sigma and control information, of S X chart. Moreover, this paper extends the univariate process index yield SSSpk to a multi-generalized yield index is called SSMSpk. An established an updated approach to assess univariate and multi-characteristic, based on understanding variation which is critical to quality (CTQ) and focusing on the position and actions of natural process tolerance between defined tolerances limits. To demonstrate the trueness verification proficiency of this approach, this paper includes an industrial case study to assess the process efficiency in Aden's oil refinery, Yemen. The findings of this study indicated that the indexes which are calculating based on six sigma outperformed existing indices and that this study has important implications for industrial practitioners, researchers and quality control experts interested in the evaluation of process performance.
Process quality is a key factor in facilitating product sales, (PCIs), which determine the relationship between the manufacturing specifications and the actual process performance by quantifying process potential. Although Cp, Cpk indices are the most popular and important criteria used in manufacturing industries to measure process performance reported extensively in the literature, in the literature, the majority of previous studies neglected the idea of Six Sigma (SS). However, existing PCIs based on SS presented only a range of quality levels rather than a specific quality level value. The purpose of this study is to measure and enhance the precision of performance evaluation for processes industrial, through the use of (PCIs) and (SS) concept. In light of this, this study introduces new performance index based on the idea SS which are SSCpk by extending the indices Cp, Cpk and calculating the sigma process level directly to measure yield process based on idea SS. To demonstrate the effectiveness applicability of the SSCpk index, this study presents an industrial case study to assess the process performance of Aden oil refinery in Yemen. Toward this end, the data for essential quality characteristic of petroleum products namely octane number was collected randomly from Aden refinery. The findings of this study indicated that the proposed index SSCpk outperformed on the existing indices Cpk as the shows at the results and discussion. Finally, the proposed process yield index based on SS concept is a promising approach and thus can be utilized by other industries and practitioners to assess process performance in the aspect of precision and quality control.
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