Backgrounds: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is among the most frequent oral cancers in individuals under 40. Documents have endorsed that a diet enriched with fruit and vegetables can banish the risk of developing major cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of four medicinal herbs including saffron, ginger, cinnamon and curcumin on OSCC cell line. Methods: Having obtained the aqueous extract of the four herbs, they were administered on OSCC cell lines per se and in dual, triple, and quadruple combinations. Their effects were measured in different concentrations and in 24 and 48 hours by using MTT assay. Results: The minimum and maximum effective concentrations were respectively 108 and 217 mg/ml for curcumin with IC30 of 77mg/ml, 108 and 270 mg/ml for ginger with IC30 of 58 mg/ml, 2 and 10 mg/ml for saffron with IC30 of 1.9 mg/ml, and 5 and 40 mg/ml for cinnamon with IC30 of 3.3 mg/ml. The best effect of the combinations was seen for cinnamon-saffron after both 24 and 48 hours and the four herbs combination after 48 hours. Conclusion: Although all the four herbs were effective on OSCC cell line, the strongest extract was saffron, followed by cinnamon. Combination of cinnamon-saffron and combination of the four herbs showed maximum effects. These findings suggest that traditional medicinal herbs may potentially contribute to oral cancer treatment; providing new windows for the development of new therapeutic strategies for OSCC.
Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase (IDO) catabolizes tryptophan, mediates immunomodulatory functions, and is released by stromal cells such as mesenchymal stem cells. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of IDO silencing on immunosuppressive function of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs), T cells phenotype, and the proliferation/migration of tumor cells. ASCs isolated from adipose tissues of healthy women were transfected with IDO‐siRNA. Galectin‐3, transforming growth factor‐β1, hepatocyte growth factor, and interleukin‐10 as immunomodulators were measured in ASCs using qRT‐PCR. T cells phenotype, interferon‐γ, and interleukin‐17 expression were evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) cocultured with IDO silenced‐ASCs by flow cytometry and qRT‐PCR, respectively. Scratch assay was applied to assess the proliferation/migration of MDA‐MB‐231 cell line. Galectin‐3 was upregulated (p ˂ 0.05) while hepatocyte growth factor was downregulated (p ˂ 0.05) in IDO‐silenced ASCs compared to control groups. Regulatory T cells were inhibited in PBLs cocultured with IDO‐silenced ASCs; also T helper2 was decreased in PBLs cocultured with IDO‐silenced ASCs relative to the scramble group. IDO‐silenced ASCs caused interferon‐γ overexpression but interleukin‐17 downregulation in PBLs. The proliferation/migration of MDA‐MB‐231 was suppressed after exposing to condition media of IDO‐silenced ASCs compared with condition media of untransfected (p < 0.01) and scramble‐transfected ASCs (p < 0.05). The results exhibited the weakened capacity of IDO‐silenced ASCs for suppressing the immune cells and promoting the tumor cells' proliferation/migration. IDO suppression may be utilized as a strategy for cancer treatment. Simultaneous blocking of immunomodulators along with IDO inhibitors may show more effects on boosting the efficiency of immune‐based cancer therapies.
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