Recently, extracting the precise values of unknown parameters of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered one of the most widely nonlinear and semi-empirical optimization problems. This paper proposes and applies a Modified Artificial Ecosystem Optimization (MAEO) algorithm to solve the problem of PEMFC parameters extraction. The conventional AEO is a novel optimization technique that is inspired by the energy flow in a natural ecosystem which is defined as abiotic, which includes non-living bodies and elements such as light, water and air. The proposed optimization algorithm, MAEO, is used to enhance the performance of conventional AEO and provide faster convergence rate as well as to be far away from falling into the local optima. In the proposed MAEO, an operator is suggested to improve the balance between exploitation and Exploration phases. The accurate estimation of PEMFC unknown parameters leads to develop a precise mathematical model which simulates the electrochemical and electrical characteristics of PEMFC. The objective function of the studied optimization problem is formulated as the sum of squared errors (SSE) between the measured and simulated stack voltages. To prove the reliability and capability of the proposed MAEO algorithm in solving this problem compared with other recent algorithms, it is tested on four different PEMFC stack models, namely, BCS-500W, SR-12 500W, 250W and Temasek 1 kW stacks. Moreover, statistical measures are performed to assess the superiority and robustness of the proposed algorithm. In addition, the accuracy of optimized parameters is assessed through the dynamic characteristics of PEMFCs under varying the reactants' pressures and temperature of the cell. However, the simulation results confirm that the proposed MAEO algorithm has high accuracy and reliability in extracting the PEMFC optimal parameters compared with the conventional AEO and other effective algorithms. INDEX TERMS Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, parameters extraction, modified artificial ecosystem optimization, sum of squared errors, polarization curves.
This paper proposes an efficient control strategy to enhance frequency stability of three-area power system considering a high penetration level of wind energy. The proposed strategy is based on a combination of a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) approach. The parameters of the proposed controller (i.e., PID-LQG) are optimally designed by a novel natural physical based-algorithm called Lightning Attachment Procedure Optimization (LAPO). The main objective is to keep the frequency fluctuation at its acceptable value in the presence of high penetration of wind energy, high load disturbance and system uncertainties. The superiority of the proposed PID-LQG controller is validated by comparing its performance with optimal Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) controller, conventional CDM controller, optimal PID controller-based LAPO, and integral controller. Moreover, the exhaustive results completely demonstrate that the proposed controller gives better performance in terms of overshoot, undershoot, and settling time as well as provides reliable frequency stability for interconnected power systems considering high wind penetration and system uncertainties.INDEX TERMS Frequency stability, interconnected power systems, linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG), lightning attachment procedure optimization (LAPO), high penetration of wind energy.
This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme (APS) for solving the coordination problem that deals with coordination directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays second zone time, in relation to coordination with DOCRs. The coordination problem becomes more complex with the impact of renewable energy sources (RES) when added to the distribution grid. This leads to a change in the grid topology, caused by the on/off states of the distribution generators (DG). The frequency of topological changes in distribution grids poses a challenge to the power system’s protection components. The change in the state of DGs leads to malfunction in reliability and miscoordination between protection relays, since that causes a direct effect to the short circuit currents. This paper used the school-based optimization (SBO) algorithm, which simulates the educational process, in order to deal with coordination problems. That algorithm is modified (MSBO) by modified both learning and teaching processes. The IEEE 8-bus test system and IEEE 14-bus distribution network are used to validate the proposed coordination system’s effectiveness when dealing with the coordination process between distance and DOCRs, at both the near- and far-end in the typical topological grid and with DGs in working order.
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