Background: The way one mourns varies across different cultures. As such in each society, the mourning rituals in accordance with the culture of that society can alleviate the grieving process. During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, in many parts of the world, restrictions have been imposed on hosting different ceremonies and events to control the spread of the virus. Since the enforced regulations have made changes to the way mourning is done in these times, an investigation of the experiences of people of different cultures in coping with loss during the current crisis seems to be of importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mourning experiences in north-east of Iran during COVID-19. Methods: This is a qualitative study which was conducted by using content analysis. The participants were 11 individuals who had lost a family member due to COVID-19 in Bojnurd in 2020. Sampling was purposive and continued until reaching data saturation. Semi-structured interviews and note-taking were utilized for data collection. The interviews were recorded and the notes were then evaluated. Results: After analyzing the collected data and forming semantic units, three main categories and nine sub-categories of unexpressed grief were extracted. Unexpressed bereavement, effects on mental health, and dissatisfaction with services comprise the main categories while lack of farewell opportunity, the emotional burden of COVID-19, strange burial, fear and social stigma, lack of adequate psychological support, emotional trauma and shock, reducing the motivation for life, lack of professional principles in the death announcements, and finally lack of equipment and non-compliance with hygiene standards make up the 9 subcategories. Conclusion: The collected evidence concerning the unexpressed grieving experience ensuing from the COVID-19 induced death of a family member reveals such issue to be one of the most important mental health issues during the spread of the virus, which requires the necessary investigation and intervention of the experts in this field.
Background: This study investigated how the parents' personality disorders may be related to substance use disorder in children and adolescents. Methods:The study was a cross-sectional study in which 28,540 children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18 years) and their parents participated between 2015 and 2016. The diagnosis of substance use was made using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) interview and the personality disorders were assessed using Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory -Third Edition (MCMI-III). The parents were also surveyed for their personality assessed with MCMI. Results: The results showed that the paranoid personality disorder in father (odds ratio [OR] = 8.34, 95% CI, P = 0.042) and borderline personality disorder in mother (OR = 4.6, 95% CI, P = 0.049) increase the chance of substance use in children. Conclusion:The findings suggest that in designing preventive programs for substance use, the personality characteristics of the parents need to be taken into account.
Background Substance using often cause a wide range of social, health, and psychological problems. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire of barriers of treatment in substance users. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the initial questionnaire was designed based on the evaluation of previous studies. The preliminary tool including 35 Likert-scaled items. After assuring the face validity of the questionnaire, 13 experts’ opinions were obtained for assessing or improving the content validity. The reliability was investigated by internal consistency methods using Cronbach’s alpha. For measuring the structural validity, the exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the dimensionality of the questionnaire using principal components extraction and Varimax rotation. Results The preliminary questionnaire consisted of 35 items. After completing the face validity and summarizing the experts’ suggestions, 8 items were removed. By calculating the content validity ratio and coefficient, 11 questions were deleted. The internal consistency was calculated to be 0.84 using Cronbach’s alpha. In the last stage and according to the results of the factor analysis, three factors fear of or unawareness of treatment, doubt or inefficiency, and social stigma were identified from the 10-items questionnaire, which explained 67.34% of the total variance. Conclusion Considering the necessity of using a validated tool for planning and evaluating effective interventions on people who use substance is inevitable. The Substance use Treatment Barriers Questionnaire is designed with 10 items and 3 dimensions, which has appropriate validity and reliability and can be used to determine the obstacles for treatment or factors that lead to discontinuing treatment.
Objective The high rate of treatment failure is a common problem in the treatment of methamphetamine use. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the most common causes of relapse in methamphetamine users. Method This is a qualitative study and of content analysis type. Information was collected using purposeful sampling and through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The statistical population consisted of all people with the methamphetamine-use disorder in 2022 who were in the abstinence phase and participated in the meetings of the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Center of Bojnord. Theoretical sampling continued until data saturation. A total of 10 one-on-one interviews were conducted, each lasting between 45 to 80 min. Additionally, two focus group interviews were conducted with six members in each group, lasting between 95 to 110 min and data saturation was achieved through these interviews. Data analysis was done using the content analysis method (Sterling). Recoding and Holsti's method were used to measure reliability; validity was then calculated through content validity assessment. Findings The results of the thematic analysis showed that laps and relapse factors were identified and categorized into 5 organizing themes, including negative emotional states, positive emotional states, negative physical states, interpersonal factors, and environmental factors, consisting of 39 basic themes. Result Identifying the risk factors leading to laps and relapse in methamphetamine users and increasing the knowledge in this field can lay the groundwork for preventive therapeutic interventions in this community.
Introduction: Addiction treatment centers play a key role in the treatment and rehabilitation of substance dependents. In these centers, the treatment team includes physician, psychiatrist, nurse, psychologist and social worker. Due to the recurrent nature of addiction and the problems of these patients, this team is exposed to the risk of burnout. This study aimed to determine the relationship between personality traits and early maladaptive schemas with burnout in addiction therapists. Methods: This descriptive and correlation study was conducted on 210 addiction therapists working in addiction treatment centers in North Khorasan selected through convenience method. For this purpose, the Maslash's burnout, NEO personality traits and Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaires were used. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the variables. Results: The mean age of the participants was 35 years old. There was a significant negative correlation between personality traits, extraversion and flexibility with emotional exhaustion. Also a significant negative correlation between neuroticism and personal competence was found. There was a positive and significant correlation between extraversion and personal competence. A significant positive correlation between the early maladaptive schemas, rejection and hyper vigilance with emotional exhaustion was found. Conclusions: Some personality traits and maladaptive schemas can predict burnout in therapists. These therapists seem to need investigation and consulting interventions.
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