Students' academic performance is largely affected by their motivation. Moreover, health professions education needs motivated students who are keen to tolerate the burden of clinical work along with the academic excellence to graduate competently. This study assessed the effect of tutors on students’ motivation.
Over the last decade it has become evident that in addition to producing antibody, B cells activate the immune system by producing cytokines and via antigen presentation. In addition, B cells also exhibit immunosuppressive functions via diverse regulatory mechanisms. This subset of B cells, known as regulatory B cells (B regs), contributes to the maintenance of tolerance, primarily via the production of IL-10. Studies in experimental animal models, as well as in patients with autoimmune diseases, have identified multiple B(reg) subsets exhibiting diverse mechanisms of immune suppression. In this review, we describe the different B(reg) subsets identified in humans, and their diverse mechanisms of suppression in HCV and diabetic patients. Aims:The main objectives of the study are to identify the role of B (reg) in the hepatitis C virus infected patients and diabetes.
Background and Aims: The incidence of fungal infections in Saudi Arabia is increasing with an increase in the population of high-risk patients. Still, studies highlighting the impact of environmental fungal agents on infections in Saudi are limited, and none have examined the Medina region despite the city’s stature, diversity, and travel flow. This study aims to determine the fungal distribution across the Medina region. Methods: A randomized 212 indoor samples were collected based on analyzed data from 1374 questionnaires. The prevalence of participants to fungal infection was 19.2% and 26.3% in the risk group. Fungal species were identified via macroscopic and microscopic examination. Results: Two hundred and three (96%) samples showed fungal growth. Yeast identified were 78 (34%) Candida species, 56 (25%) non-Candida species. The study identified 13 genera and 20 species for mould, including 38 (17%) Aspergillus spp., 20 (9%) Rhizopus spp. 9(4%) holoarthic/enteroatric conidiogenesis, 7 (3%) Mucor spp. 4 (2%) of both Penicillium spp. and Neurspora spp. and only 2(1%) of Madurella spp., 3(1%) Epidermophyton spp., 2 (1%) Lichtheimia spp., and 1(1%) Peacilomyces spp. Conclusions: This study identified Aspergillus spp. as the most frequent fungi across the Medina region. The characterization of indoor fungal environment enables healthcare practitioners to anticipate fungal infection for individuals at risk. These findings can aid the prediction and prevention of fungal infections and fungal sensitization among the high-risk populations.
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