There is a limited understanding of molecular and cellular events that derive disease progression in patients with COVID-19. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is hyperactive in development and complications of several diseases by mediating oxidative stress and in ammation in the body. The present study aims to explore activation of RAGE signaling in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with preexisting comorbidities. Enhanced levels of ligands of RAGE including AGEs, S100, and HMGB-1 were observed in Covid 19 patients with severe diseases, however, their level was signi cantly higher in COVID-19 patients with comorbidties as compared to COVID-19 patients without comorbidties. The Expression of RAGE in parallel to ligands accumulation, was signi cantly increased in patients with severe disease and comorbidities as compared to COVID-19 patients with sever disease without comorbidities. The expression of downstream effectors of RAGE including STAT-3 and NF-kB were also enahnced and their activity was increaed in COVID-19 patients with comorbisdities. Levels of in ammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were markeldy in COVID-19 patients with comorbidties as compared to COVID-19 patients without comorbidties. We conclude that upregulated RAGE axis is favorable to worsen the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with preexisting comorbidities and partly explain in ammatory and oxidative stress strom in severe COVID-19 patietnts.
There is a limited understanding of molecular and cellular events that derive disease progression in patients with COVID-19. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is hyperactive in development and complications of several diseases by mediating oxidative stress and inflammation in the body. The present study aims to explore activation of RAGE signaling in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with preexisting comorbidities. Enhanced levels of ligands of RAGE including AGEs, S100, and HMGB-1 were observed in Covid 19 patients with severe diseases, however, their level was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with comorbidties as compared to COVID-19 patients without comorbidties. The Expression of RAGE in parallel to ligands accumulation, was significantly increased in patients with severe disease and comorbidities as compared to COVID-19 patients with sever disease without comorbidities. The expression of downstream effectors of RAGE including STAT-3 and NF-kB were also enahnced and their activity was increaed in COVID-19 patients with comorbisdities. Levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were markeldy in COVID-19 patients with comorbidties as compared to COVID-19 patients without comorbidties. We conclude that upregulated RAGE axis is favorable to worsen the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with preexisting comorbidities and partly explain inflammatory and oxidative stress strom in severe COVID-19 patietnts.
Objectives: To determine the frequency of camel milk users as a dietary adjuncttherapy in Diabetes Type 2. Study Design. A cross sectional questionnaire based survey. Period:May to August 2013. Setting: Liaquat National Hospital & Jinnah Medical College Hospital)and one public sector hospital (Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre) in Karachi. Methods:Minimum sample size using 11.1% prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus, confidence interval of95% and 5% margin of error and finite population correction for large population was calculatedto be 152. Using purposive sampling, type II diabetes patients (taking oral hypoglycemicmedication or insulin to control serum blood glucose) visiting outpatient departments fordiabetes management at two private and one public sector hospital in Karachi, were requestedto participate. After obtaining informed consent, a structured pre-coded questionnaire was filledby trained interviewer. Two laboratory assessed fasting blood (FBG) readings from previousthree months were also recorded from their files. Those who affirmed the use of camel milk wereasked further questions on reasons and consumption pattern. All responses were entered intoSPSS version 17.0 and descriptive frequencies and statistics were obtained for camel milk usersand non-users. Results: 300 patients consented to participate and filled the questionnaire. 36forms did not have two FBG lab reports from previous three months and were excluded. Inthe remaining sample size of n = 264, camel milk use frequency was 35.98% (n=95). In thepreceding three months, the median FBG of users was 121.0 mg/dl as compared to medianFBS of non-users (64.01%;n = 169) of 202.06 mg/dl. 90.5% (n=86) of all users considered oralmedications as main modality for control and only 15.8% of these patients attributed bloodglucose control solely to use of camel milk. Camel milk users were found to use more of homeremedies (13.7%, n = 13), homeopathic medicine (15.8%, n = 15) and exercise (45.3%, n=43)as adjunct modalities to control their blood glucose as compared to 6.5%, 8.9% and 31.4%of non-users. 71.6% (n= 121) of non- users used dietary modification to manage diabetesas compared to 47.4% (n = 45) users. 71% (n = 121) non-users were regularly measuringtheir blood glucose levels as compared to 56.8% (n=54) users of camel milk. Conclusions:Diabetics drinking camel milk showed a marked decrease in mean Fasting Blood Sugar valuesas compared to non-users. More experimental studies should be conducted on a larger scaleand on different regions so as to ascertain the biological plausibility.
Minimum sample size using 11.1% prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus, confidence interval of 95% and 5% margin of error and finite population correction for large population was calculated to be 152. Using purposive sampling, type II diabetes patients (taking oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin to control serum blood glucose) visiting outpatient departments for diabetes management at two private and one public sector hospital in Karachi, were requested to participate. After obtaining informed consent, a structured pre-coded questionnaire was filled by trained interviewer. Two laboratory assessed fasting blood (FBG) readings from previous three months were also recorded from their files. Those who affirmed the use of camel milk were asked further questions on reasons and consumption pattern. All responses were entered into SPSS version 17.0 and descriptive frequencies and statistics were obtained for camel milk users and non-users. Results: 300 patients consented to participate and filled the questionnaire. 36 forms did not have two FBG lab reports from previous three months and were excluded. In the remaining sample size of n = 264, camel milk use frequency was 35.98% (n=95). In the preceding three months, the median FBG of users was 121.0 mg/dl as compared to median FBS of non-users (64.01%;n = 169) of 202.06 mg/dl. 90.5% (n=86) of all users considered oral medications as main modality for control and only 15.8% of these patients attributed blood glucose control solely to use of camel milk. Camel milk users were found to use more of home remedies (13.7%, n = 13), homeopathic medicine (15.8%, n = 15) and exercise (45.3%, n=43) as adjunct modalities to control their blood glucose as compared to 6.5%, 8.9% and 31.4% of non-users. 71.6% (n= 121) of non-users used dietary modification to manage diabetes as compared to 47.4% (n = 45) users. 71% (n = 121) non-users were regularly measuring their blood glucose levels as compared to 56.8% (n=54) users of camel milk. Conclusions: Diabetics drinking camel milk showed a marked decrease in mean Fasting Blood Sugar values as compared to non-users. More experimental studies should be conducted on a larger scale and on different regions so as to ascertain the biological plausibility.
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