Objectives:To evaluate orthodontic treatment needs using the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) components and to estimate the required manpower in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Methods:A cross-sectional study involving 670 participants (390 females and 280 males) collected between November 2016 and April 2017, whose ages ranged from 12-19 years from secondary and high school students. Treatment needs were estimated using the IOTN components, dental health component (DHC), and aesthetic component (AC).Results:The results according to the severity of malocclusion using IOTN-DHC found that 24.3% of the cases required severe/extreme need and 54.3% were in the no/slight need category. The most frequent types of malocclusion were crowding (48.8%) followed by increased overjet (21.8%), and spacing (16.1%). Using Pearson’s Chi-squared test, there was a statistically significant association (p<0.001) between IOTN-DHC and IOTN-AC; 51.2% of the sample was in agreement at the mild need category, indicating a strong correlation, with a coefficient of 0.687.Conclusion:According to the IOTN’s components, the present study showed that almost one-quarter of the sample had a severe/extreme need for orthodontic treatment. The most frequent type of malocclusion traits according to the severity was crowding followed by increased overjet and then spacing. The Ministry of Health must employ 90-110 orthodontists in Jeddah to meet the demands of the definite needs for orthodontics in adolescents.

INTRODUCTION:Esthetics plays an essential role in orthodontic treatment. The psychological effects of malocclusion are an inspiration to improve one's esthetics and seek treatment.OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to assess relationships between self-esteem and malocclusion severity and type in adolescents using a self-esteem measurement scale and the index of treatment need (IOTN) and to investigate the influence of age, sex, and school type in these relationships.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Adolescent students aged 12–19 years randomly selected from four private and two governmental schools were enrolled for this study. After completing the self-esteem questionnaire, participants were examined by researchers to evaluate malocclusion severity and type using the IOTN.RESULTS:The sample consisted of 886 participants: 558 females (62.9%) and 328 males (37.1%) with a mean age of 16 years. Chi-square analysis showed that 17.1% of males and 31% of females showed low levels of self-esteem, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Cases with multiple malocclusions showed significantly lower self-esteem (P = 0.018) compared with single-category malocclusion. Anterior teeth spacing, crowding, and overjet malocclusion showed the highest percentages of low self-esteem.CONCLUSIONS:The present study supports that malocclusion has negative effects on self-esteem; multiple malocclusions with spacing, crowding, and overjet had the greatest effects.

Introduction: Poorly constructed multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are still being reused in medical and dental colleges. Item analysis reports are used to evaluate MCQ tests and eliminate the substandard MCQs for quality improvement purposes. Aim: This study aims to assess the quality of the MCQ item analysis of dental students' final year orthodontics examination using the difficulty index (DIF I), discrimination index (DI), and distractor efficiency (DE) parameters. Additionally, the relationship between these parameters is determined to categorize the tested MCQs into either acceptable, which would be stored in the MCQ bank, or substandard (poor), which would be eliminated or rephrased. Methods: Four MCQ examinations from the sixthyear undergraduate orthodontic course of the academic year 2018-2019 were evaluated by item analysis using the DIF I, DI, and DE. A total of 165 MCQ items (495 distractors) were collated and analyzed after 189 students answered the tests. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the DIF I and DI were 0.76 (+0.19) and 0.25 (+0.14), respectively. Distraction assessments revealed that 27.5% were non-functional distractors (NFDs) with a DE of 78.2%. There was a significant negative correlation between the DIF I and the DI (r:-0.711; p < 0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between the DIF I and NFDs (r: 0.644; p < 0.01). Of the 165 MCQ items, 153 were considered sufficiently good to be stored in the MCQ bank, and only 12 were poorly constructed and recommended for elimination or rephrasing. Conclusion: Item analysis was effective in identifying the good and poorly constructed MCQ items. Therefore, it should be used with each university MCQ examination for the development of a reliable and valid MCQ bank.

The treatment of deep anterior crossbite is technically challenging due to the difficulty of placing traditional brackets with fixed appliances. This case report represents a none traditional treatment modality to treat deep anterior crossbite in an adult pseudo class III malocclusion complicated by severely retruded, supraerupted upper and lower incisors. Treatment was carried out in 2 phases. Phase I treatment was performed by removable appliance “modified Hawley appliance with inverted labial bow,” some modifications were carried out to it to suit the presented case. Positive overbite and overjet was accomplished in one month, in this phase with minimal forces exerted on the lower incisors. Whereas, phase II treatment was performed with fixed appliances (braces) to align teeth and have proper over bite and overjet and to close posterior open bite, this phase was accomplished within 11 month.

AIMS:To determine the association and level of agreement between young adults’ perception of orthodontic treatment need (subjective need) and the orthodontists’ assessment of treatment need (normative objective need).METHODOLOGY:For this study, 670 students [280 males and 390 females; mean age (standard deviation) of 15.32 (1.81) years] were selected from public and private schools from different demographic areas of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia, and divided into two age groups (12–15 years) and (16–19 years). All the participants were examined, and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) components [dental health component (DHC) and aesthetic component (AC)] were recorded.RESULTS:Kappa statistics showed a statistically significant but fair agreement between clinician AC (CAC) and student AC (SAC) assessments in both age groups (k = 0.343 and 0.334, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant but moderate association (r = 0.487 and 0.517, respectively; P < 0.001). The degrees of agreement were 76.4% and 76.7% at the no-need and mild-need levels of treatment, respectively. There was a statistically significant but weak association between the subjective and normative needs (SAC and IOTN-DHC) in both age groups (r = 0.336 and 0.360, respectively; P < 0.001). However, the degrees of agreement were 58.9% and 61.5% at the no-need and mild-need levels of treatment, respectively.CONCLUSION:Significant but weak positive association was found between the normative and subjective orthodontic treatment needs, indicating a lack of understanding of the nature of malocclusion and its consequences. Thus, promoting further knowledge and awareness of malocclusion are indicated.